埃德溫·魯琴斯
维基百科，自由的百科全书
埃德溫·魯琴斯爵士（Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens），OM，KCIE（1869年3月29日 - 1944年1月1日），was a leading 20th century English architect who is known for imaginatively adapting traditional architectural styles to the requirements of his era. He designed many English country houses and was instrumental in the design and building of New Delhi (known as "Lutyens' Delhi"). 他出生並逝於倫敦。他是因父親的朋友－－畫家和雕刻家埃德溫·蘭斯而其得名。很多年來他都在倫敦布魯斯貝利廣場29號的公司工作。他被視為是英國最偉大的建築師[1]。
他從1885年到1887年在倫敦南肯辛頓藝術學校（South Kensington School of Art）進修建築學。畢業後，他加入了喬治·歐內斯特（Ernest George）及Harold Ainsworth Peto的建築工作。他在那時認識了赫伯特·貝克爵士.
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[编辑] Private practice
He began his own practice in 1888, his first commission being a private house at Crooksbury, Farnham, Surrey. During this work, he met the garden designer and horticulturalist Gertrude Jekyll. In 1896 he began work on a house for Jekyll at Munstead Wood, Godalming, Surrey. It was the beginning of a fruitful professional partnership that would define the look of many Lutyens country houses.
The "Lutyens-Jekyll" garden overflowed with hardy shrub and herbaceous planting within a firm classicising architecture of stairs and balustraded terraces. This combined style, of the formal with the informal, exemplified by brick paths, softened by billowing herbaceous borders, full of lilies, lupins, delphiniums, and lavender was in direct contrast to the very formal bedding schemes favoured by the previous generation in the Victorian era. This new "natural" style was to define the "English garden" until modern times.
Lutyens fame grew largely through the popularity of the new lifestyle magazine 'Country Life' created by Edward Hudson, which featured many of his house designs. Hudson was a huge fan of Lutyens' style and commissioned Lutyens for a number of projects, including Lindisfarne Castle and the Country Life Headquarters building in London.
[编辑] 他的作品
Initially, his designs all followed the Arts and Crafts style, but in the early 1900s his work became more classical in style. His commissions were of a varied nature from private houses to two churches for the new Hampstead Garden Suburb, London to Castle Drogo, Drewsteignton, Devon and on to his contributions to India's new imperial capital New Delhi (where he worked as chief architect with Herbert Baker and others). Here he added elements of local architectural styles to his classicism, and based his urbanization scheme on Mughal water gardens.
After the Great War, he was involved with the creation of monuments to commemorate the fallen. The best known of these monuments are the Cenotaph, Westminster and the memorial to the Missing of the Somme, Thiepval. The Cenothaph was originally commissioned by David Lloyd George as a temporary structure to be the centerpiece of the Allied Victory Parade in 1919. Lloyd George proposed a Catafalque — a low empty platform but it was Lutyens' idea for the taller monument. The design took less than six hours to complete. Many local war memorials (such as the one at All Saints, Northampton) are Lutyens designs — based on the Cenotaph. He also designed the War Memorial Gardens in Dublin, which were restored in the 1990s. Other works include the Tower Hill memorial, and (to a similar design to his India Gate) a memorial in Victoria Park in Leicester. Lutyens also refurbished Lindisfarne Castle for its wealthy owner.
He was knighted in 1918, and elected to the Royal Academy in 1921.
Whilst work continued in New Delhi, Lutyens continued to receive other commissions including several commercial buildings in London and the British Embassy in Washington, DC.
In 1924 he completed the supervision of the construction of what is perhaps his most popular design: Queen Mary's Dolls' House. This four storey Palladian villa was built in 1/12th scale and is now a permanent exhibit in the public area of Windsor Castle. It was not conceived or built as a plaything for children — its goal was to serve as an exhibit of the finest British craftsmanship of the period.
He was commissioned in 1929 to design a new Roman Catholic cathedral in Liverpool. Work on this magnificent building started in 1933, but was stopped during the Second World War (after the war the project ended due to a shortage of funding, with only the crypt completed). (The architect of the present Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral, which was built over land adjacent to the crypt and consecrated in 1967, was Sir Frederick Gibberd.)
[编辑] 新德里
Largely designed by Lutyens over twenty or so years, New Delhi was chosen to replace Calcutta as the seat of the British Indian government in 1912; the project was completed in 1929 and officially inaugurated in 1931. In undertaking this project, Lutyens invented his own new Order of classical architecture, which has become know as the "Delhi Order" and was used by him for several designs in England, such as Campion Hall, Oxford. Unlike the more traditional British architects who came before him, he was both inspired by and incorporated various features from the local and traditional Indian architecture — something most clearly seen in the great drum-mounted Buddhist dome of Viceroy's House now Rashtrapati Bhavan. This palatial building, containing 340 rooms, is built on an area of some 330 acres (1.3 km²) and incorporates a private garden also designed by Lutyens. The building was designed as the official residence of the Viceroy of India and is now the official residence of the President of India.
The "Delhi Order" columns at the front entrance of the palace have bells carved into them which, it has been suggested, Lutyens had designed with the idea that as the bells were silent the British rule would never come to an end! At one time, more than 2,000 people were required to look after the building and serve the Viceroy's household.
The new city contains both the Parliament buildings and government offices (many designed by Herbert Baker) and was distinctively built of the local red sandstone using the traditional Mogul style.
When drawing up the plans for New Delhi Lutyens planned for the new city to lie southwest of the walled city of Shahjahanbad. His plans for the city also laid out the street plan for New Delhi consisting of wide tree-lined avenues.
Built in the spirit of British colonial rule, the point where the new imperial city and the older native settlement met was intended to be a market; it was here that Lutyens imagined the Indian traders would participate in "the grand shopping centre for the residents of Shahjahanabad and New Delhi", thus giving rise to the present D-shaped market we see today.
Lutyens' work in New Delhi is the focus of Robert Grant Irving's book Indian Summer.
[编辑] Works in Ireland
Other works in Ireland include the All-Ireland War Memorial, Dublin; Heywood Gardens, Laois; extensive changes to Lambay Castle, Lambay Island; alterations to Howth Castle; Co. Dublin; a hunting lodge in north Co. Donegal
[编辑] 婚姻及晚年
Two years after she proposed to him and in the face of parental disapproval, Lady Emily Lytton, daughter of Edward Bulwer-Lytton the 1st Earl of Lytton, a former Viceroy of India, married Lutyens on 4 August, 1897 at Knebworth, Hertfordshire. They had five children but the union was largely unsatisfactory, practically from the start. The Lutyens' marriage quickly deteriorated, with Lady Emily turning her interest to theosophy and Eastern religions and a fascination — emotional and philosophical — with the guru Jiddu Krishnamurti.
The couple's daughter Elisabeth Lutyens became a well-known composer; another daughter, Mary Lutyens, became a writer known for her books about Krishnamurti.
Many of the garden-ringed villas that were part of Lutyens' original scheme for New Delhi are under threat due to the constant pressure for development in Delhi.
[编辑] 逝世
在魯琴斯晚年時，他曾多次肺炎復發。在1940年代早期，他被診斷患上了癌症。他死於1944年1月1日。他的紀念館，由他的朋友及同事威廉·柯特斯·格蘭（William Curtis Green）設計，現於倫敦聖保羅大教堂的地下室。
[编辑] 參看
- 葛楚德·傑克爾
- 園藝歷史
- 新德里
- 蘭尼米德
[编辑] 參考資料
- ↑ "The Memorial to the Missing of the Somme" 2006. Gavin Stamp
[编辑] 延伸閱讀
- Lutyens Abroad: The Work of Sir Edwin Lutyens Outside the British Isles, edited by Andrew Hopkins and Gavin Stamp. London: British School at Rome, 2002 (paperback, ISBN 0-904152-37-5).
- Petter, Hugh. Lutyens in Italy: The Building of the British School at Rome. London: British School at Rome, 1992 (paperback, ISBN 0-904152-21-9).
