教宗选举

维基百科，自由的百科全书

教宗选举是罗马天主教会产生罗马主教的方法，罗马主教的职务被称为教宗. 根据历史悠久的传统，由高级神职人员参加的秘密选举会议被叫做“秘密会议”（conclave）。该词来自拉丁语cum clavi （“拿着钥匙”）暗指选举进行期间所有的参选人都要被“关起来”。该隔离会议制度始于1274年第二次里昂大公会议发布的政令。现在该选举在梵蒂冈宫米开朗基罗设计的西斯廷小教堂进行。

自从1059年，枢机主教团（红衣主教团）就已开始作为惟一的个体参与选举教宗。早先，神职人员以及罗马人民是都有权参与的，更早的时代，世俗社会可以决定选择谁作为天主教教会的主教。教宗可以对选举规程做出规定；他们可以决定选举人组成，如果愿意也可以替换掉整个枢机团成员。但教宗是不允许直接指定他们的继承人的。

目录 1 选举新教宗的1996条规则的大致过程 2 历史 2.1 选举人 2.2 候选人的选择 2.3 长期影响 2.4 枢机主教秘密会议 3 现代 3.1 教宗逝世 3.2 开始选举 3.3 投票 3.4 接受和宣布 4 脚注 5 参见 6 参考书目

[编辑] 选举新教宗的1996条规则的大致过程

超过100名来自世界各地的枢机们在教宗过逝两周内要到梵蒂冈开会。一般在他们商议很多天後，这组选举人中的一位主教将成为新教宗。新教宗是经由封闭选票民主选举产生（即所谓的三分之二多数+1票）。如果在30次投票之後没有主教得到三分之二多数，那么绝对多数当选。

[编辑] 历史

选举新教宗的程序已经持续了两千年了. 类似近代的系统是在1274年第二次里昂大公会议后确立的.

[编辑] 选举人

最早的主教们似乎是由他们社团的创建者选择出的. 后来, 无论如何, 该方法在罗马和其他地方被以本地教区神职人员和世俗社会以及附近教区的主教选举所取代. 真正的选举人是神职人员, 但当时他们并不投票, 而是根据公众舆论和大众拥护程度来选教宗(主教监督整个过程). 参选人会被提交在人民前以获得官方批准; 罗马人可以同意(或不同意)决定. 选举过程透明度的缺乏经常导致教宗竞争或伪教宗的产生.

769年在举行的拉特兰宫宗教大会理论上废止了罗马人民的投票权, 到862年, 在罗马的一次宗教大会恢复了罗马贵族的选举权. 1059年规则又发生了改变, 教宗尼各老二世下诏宣布由枢机选举新教宗, 枢机们在神职人员和世俗社会同意後才能行使职权. 最高的枢机们 枢机主教会在召集枢机司铎和枢机助祭真正选举前进行第一次会议并讨论候选人. 在1139年举行的拉特兰宫宗教大会取消了要求获得低级神职人员和世俗社会赞同的要求.

13世纪主教团降到只有7人, 直到1587年, 教宗西斯都五世限制了枢机主教团为70人(6名枢机主教, 50名枢机司铎以及14名枢机助祭). 但从教宗若望二十三世来并未执行此限. 1970年, 教宗保祿六世下诏规定超过80岁的枢机不能进行投票并且增加了枢机团的人数上限为120人. 但即使是这个限制也被教宗若望·保禄二世超越. 117个教堂现在共有183名枢机年龄在80岁以下, 他们也因此拥有选举权.

[编辑] 候选人的选择

[编辑] 长期影响

[编辑] 枢机主教秘密会议

[编辑] 现代

[编辑] 教宗逝世

[编辑] 开始选举

[编辑] 投票

[编辑] 接受和宣布

教宗的助手和三名选出的枢机主教必须损毁教宗的'所罗门之戒'和他的铅图章，以确保任何人都不能使用它们。

80岁以下的120名枢机主教有资格投票。他们需要至少三分之二和外加一票的票数通过新的教皇的当选。

最後，当一名官员用一种特殊的化学燃料燃烧选票，从而使一股白色烟雾从教堂的烟囱冒出的时候，全世界就会知道梵蒂冈产生了一位新的教皇。如果梵蒂冈的官员使用其它的化学燃料制造黑色烟雾，则表明表决无效。

[编辑] 脚注

1. Sedevacantists hold that the office of Pope was vacated either by the election of Pope John XXIII (whom they deem a heretic), or by the enactment of major reforms by the Second Vatican Council (support for which they deem heretical). Some factions of sedevacantism have held their own papal elections (such as the supporters of Lucian Pulvermacher), whilst others consider the papacy vacant.

2. Each ballot paper was divided into three parts; in the first was written the cardinal's name, in the second the name of the individual voted for, and in the third a motto and number of the cardinal's choice (which were to be used to verify that each cardinal wrote only his own name on the ballot). The first and third divisions were folded down and sealed, with the middle exposed; the back was heavily decorated so that the writing would not be visible (see illustration on right). Thus, when the Scrutineers (the vote counters) removed a ballot paper from the ballot box, they could see only the name of the candidate voted for. If the winning candidate received exactly two-thirds of the votes, the ballot papers were unsealed to ensure that the winning cardinal did not vote for himself. Modern ballots differ from the complicated older ballots in that the cardinals do not write anything other than the name of the individual voted for on them; furthermore, they are only folded once and need not be specially sealed.

3. Formerly, cardinals regularly had meals sent in from their homes. Much pageantry accompanied the conveyance of food, which was taken from a cardinal's home to the Vatican in a state coach. An officer known as the Seneschal Dapifer was responsible for ensuring that the food was not poisoned. The dishes, in small boxes covered with green and violet drapery, were carried through the hall, preceded by an individual carrying the cardinal's ceremonial mace and by the Seneschal Dapifer bearing a serviette on the shoulder. Before the cardinals could receive them, the dishes were carefully inspected to make sure that no correspondence was enclosed in it. These ceremonies have not been observed since the nineteenth century.

4. A WAV file of Albino Cardinal Luciani's announcement as Pope John Paul I is available here.

[编辑] 参见

• 君主国选举
• Sede vacante
• 教宗让位
• 2005年梵蒂冈教宗选举
• 歷任教宗列表

[编辑] 参考书目

• Baumgartner, F. (2003). Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Burkle-Young, Francis A. (1999). Passing the Keys: Modern Cardinals, Conclaves, and the Election of the Next Pope. Madison Books: Lanham, Maryland.
• "Conclave." (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.
• Dowling, A. (1908). "Conclave." The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume IV. New York: Robert Appleton Company
• "Electing the Pope: The Conclave." (2002). Catholic Almanac.
• Fanning, W. H. W. (1911). "Papal Elections." The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XI. New York: Robert Appleton Company
• Joyce, G. H. (1911). "Election of the Popes." The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XII. New York: Robert Appleton Company
• National Geographic. (2004). "Inside the Vatican."
• Reese, T. J. (1996). "Revolution in Papal Elections." America. (Volume 174, issue 12, p. 4)
• Universi Dominici Gregis. (1996).
• Wintle, W. J. (1903). "How the Pope is Elected." The London Magazine, June, 1903.
• Scottish Catholic Media Office: Election of a Pope
• Pope John Paul II, Apostolic Constitution (1996)