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數位簽章

维基百科,自由的百科全书

數位簽章(又称 公鑰數位簽章)是一種類似写在上的普通的物理签名,但是使用了公钥加密领域的技术实现,用于鉴别数字信息的方法。一套数字签名通常定义两种互补的运算,一个用于签名,另一个用于验证。

目录

[编辑] 使用

在通讯中使用数字签名一般基于以下原因:

[编辑] 鉴权

公钥加密系统允许任何人在发送信息时使用公钥进行加密,数字签名能够让信息接收者确认发送者的身份。当然,接收者不可能百分之百确信发送者的真实身份,而只能在密码系统未被破译的情况下才有理由确信

鉴权的重要性在财务数据上表现得尤为突出。举个例子,假设一家银行将指令由它的分行传输到它的中央管理系统,指令的格式是(a,b),其中a是账户的账号,而b是账户的现有金额。这时一位远程客户可以先存入100元,观察传输的结果,然后接二连三的发送格式为(a,b)的指令。这种方法被称作重放攻击

[编辑] 完整性

传输数据的双方都总希望确认消息未在传输的过程中被修改。加密使得第三方想要读取数据十分困难,然而第三方仍然能采取可行的方法在传输的过程中修改数据。一个通俗的例子就是同形攻击:回想一下,还是上面的那家银行从它的分行向它的中央管理系统发送格式为(a,b)的指令,其中a是账号,而b是账户中的金额。一个远程客户可以先存100元,然后拦截传输结果,再传输(a,b3),这样他就立刻变成百万富翁了!

[编辑] 不可抵赖

在密文背景下,抵赖这个词指的是不承认与消息有关的举动(即声称消息来自第三方)。消息的接收方可以通过数字签名来防止所有后续的抵赖行为,因为接收方可以出示签名给别人看来证明信息的来源。

[编辑] 实现

数字签名算法依靠公钥加密技术来实现的。在公钥加密技术里,每一个使用者有一对密钥:一把公钥和一把私钥。公钥可以自由发布,但私钥则秘密保存;还有一个要求就是要让通过公钥推算出私钥的做法不可能实现。

普通的数字签名算法包括三种算法:

  • 一种密码生成算法
  • 标记算法
  • 验证算法

For example, consider the situation in which Bob sends a message to Alice and wants to be able to prove it came from him. Bob sends his message to Alice and attaches a digital signature. The digital signature is generated using Bob's private key, and takes the form of a simple numerical value (normally represented as a string of binary digits). On receipt, Alice can then check whether the message really came from Bob by running the verification algorithm on the message together with the signature and Bob's public key. If they match, then Alice can be confident that the message really was from Bob, because the signing algorithm is designed so that it is very difficult to forge a signature to match a given message (unless one has knowledge of the private key, which Bob has kept secret).

More usually, for efficiency reasons, Bob first applies a cryptographic hash function to the message before signing. This makes the signature much shorter and thus saves time since hashing is generally much faster than signing in implementations. However, if the message digest algorithm is insecure (for example, if it is possible to generate hash collisions), then it might be feasible to forge digital signatures.


[编辑] 一些数字签名算法

  • Full Domain Hash, RSA-PSS etc., based on RSA
  • DSA
  • ECDSA
  • ElGamal signature scheme
Static Wikipedia 2008 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

Static Wikipedia 2007 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

Static Wikipedia 2006 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu