红外光谱学相关表
维基百科，自由的百科全书
- 更多資料：[[红外光谱学]]
| 键 | 键型 | 具体键型 | 吸收范围和强度 |
|---|---|---|---|
| C-H | 烷基 | 甲基 | 1380 cm-1 (弱), 1260 cm-1 (强) 和 2870, 2960 cm-1 (强到中) |
| 亚甲基 | 1470 cm-1 (强) 和 2850, 2925 cm-1 (强到中) | ||
| 次甲基 | 2890 cm-1 (weak) | ||
| 乙烯基 | C=CH2 | 900 cm-1 (强) and 2975, 3080 cm-1 (medium) | |
| C=CH | 3020 cm-1 (medium) | ||
| monosubstituted alkenes | 900, 990 cm-1 (both strong) | ||
| cis-disubstituted alkenes | 670-700 cm-1 (强) | ||
| trans-disubstituted alkenes | 965 cm-1 (强) | ||
| trisubstituted alkenes | 800-840 cm-1 (strong to medium) | ||
| 芳香族 | 苯/sub. benzene | 3070 cm-1 (weak) | |
| monosubstituted benzene | 700-750 cm-1 (强) and 700±10 cm-1 (强) | ||
| ortho-disub. benzene | 750 cm-1 (强) | ||
| meta-disub. benzene | 750-800 cm-1 (强) and 860-900 cm-1 (强) | ||
| para-disub. benzene | 800-860 cm-1 (强) | ||
| 炔 | 3300 cm-1 (medium) | ||
| 醛 | 2720, 2820 cm-1 (medium) | ||
| C-C | acyclic C-C | monosub. alkenes | 1645 cm-1 (medium) |
| 1,1-disub. alkenes | 1655 cm-1 (medium) | ||
| cis-1,2-disub. alkenes | 1660 cm-1 (medium) | ||
| trans-1,2-disub. alkenes | 1675 cm-1 (medium) | ||
| trisub., tetrasub. alkenes | 1670 cm-1 (weak) | ||
| conjugated C-C | dienes | 1600, 1650 cm-1 (强) | |
| with benzene ring | 1625 cm-1 (强) | ||
| with C=O | 1600 cm-1 (强) | ||
| aromatic C=C | 1450, 1500, 1580, 1600 cm-1 (strong to weak) - always ALL 4! | ||
| C≡C | terminal alkynes | 2100-2140 cm-1 (weak) | |
| disubst. alkynes | 2190-2260 cm-1 (very weak, sometimes not visible) | ||
| C=O | aldehyde/ketone | saturated aliph./cyclic 6-membered | 1720 cm-1 |
| α,β-unsaturated | 1685 cm-1 (goes for aromatic ketones as well) | ||
| cyclic 5-membered | 1750 cm-1 | ||
| cyclic 4-membered | 1775 cm-1 | ||
| 醛 | 1725 cm-1 (influence of conjugation like with ketones) | ||
| carboxylic acids/derivates | 饱和羧酸 | 1710 cm-1 | |
| unsat./aromatic carb. acids | 1680-1690 cm-1 | ||
| esters and lactones | 1735 cm-1 (influence of conjugation and ring size like with ketones) | ||
| 酐 | 1760 and 1820 cm-1 (both!) | ||
| 卤化物 | 1800 cm-1 | ||
| 氨化物 | 1650 cm-1 (associated amides) | ||
| 羧酸盐 | 1550-1610 cm-1 (goes for aminoacid zwitterions as well) | ||
| O-H | 醇, 苯酚 | 3610-3670 cm-1 (concentrating samples broadens the band and moves it to 3200-3400 cm-1) | |
| 羧酸 | 3500-3560 cm-1 (concentrating samples broadens the band and moves it to 3000 cm-1) | ||
| N-H | primary 氨 | doublet between 3400-3500 cm-1 and 1560-1640 cm-1 (strong) | |
| secondary amines | above 3000 cm-1 (medium to weak) | ||
| ammonium ions | broad bands with multiple peaks between 2400-3200 cm-1 | ||
| C-O | alcohols | primary | 1050±10 cm-1 |
| secondary | around 1100 cm-1 | ||
| tertiary | 1150-1200 cm-1 | ||
| phenols | 1200 cm-1 | ||
| ethers | aliphatic | 1120 cm-1 | |
| aromatic | 1220-1260 cm-1 | ||
| carboxylic acids | 1250-1300 cm-1 | ||
| esters | 1100-1300 cm-1 (two bands - distinction to ketones, which do not possess C-O!) | ||
| C-N | aliphatic amines | 1020-1220 cm-1 (often overlapped) | |
| C=N | 1615-1700 cm-1 (similar conjugation effects to C=O) | ||
| nitriles (triple C-N bond) | 2210-2260 cm-1 (unconjugated 2250, conjugated 2230 cm-1) | ||
| isonitriles (R-N-C bond) | 2165-2110 cm-1 (2140 - 1990 cm-1 for R-N=C=S) | ||
| C-X (X=F, Cl, Br, I) | fluoroalkanes | ordinary | 1000-1100 cm-1 |
| trifluromethyl | two strong, broad bands between 1100-1200 cm-1 | ||
| chloroalkanes | 540-760 cm-1 (medium to weak) | ||
| bromoalkanes | below 600 cm-1 | ||
| iodoalkanes | below 600 cm-1 | ||
| N-O | nitro compounds | aliphatic | 1540 cm-1 (stronger band) and 1380 cm-1 (weaker band) - ALWAYS BOTH! |
| aromatic | 1520, 1350 cm-1 (conjugation usually lowers the wave number) |
在此范围的吸收不仅只用于有机分子的键。红外光谱在分析无机化合物（如金属化合物、fluoromanganates）同样有效。
