葉尼塞河
维基百科，自由的百科全书
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 葉尼塞河流域圖 |
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| 长度 | 5,500 km | |||
| 源头海拔 | -- m | |||
| 平均流量 | 19,600 m³/s | |||
| 流域面积 | 2,580,000 km² | |||
| 源头 | 薩彥嶺與唐努烏拉山之間 | |||
| 注入 | 喀拉海 | |||
| 流经国家 | 俄羅斯、蒙古國 | |||
葉尼塞河 (俄语：Енисе́й) 是流入北冰洋最大的河流。比密蘇里河—密西西比河稍短，但流量是前者的1.5倍。起源於蒙古國，朝北流向喀拉海，其流域範圍包含了西伯利亞中部大部分地區。如以色楞格河—安加拉河為源頭計算，全長5,500 公里，是世界第八長河。
上游湍急，多急流、洪水，周圍人口稀少。蘇聯政府利用勞改犯人在中游修築水壩，為工業提供電力，遺留了嚴重的污染問題。在穿越人口稀疏的針葉林時，無數支流匯入。最後到達無人煙的的凍原地區—每年有超過半年時間處於冰封狀態。與其他西伯利亞的河流一樣，近年流量有上升趨勢，有指是全球暖化所導致。由此形成北冰洋鹽度下降，可能對透過海流對全球造成影響。
目录 |
[编辑] 正源
The Yenisei rises in two major headstreams: the Bolshoi (greater) Yenisei also known as the Bii-Khem (Бии-Хем) rises in the Tuva region on the S flank of the Eastern Sayan Mountains and north of the Tannu-Ola Mountains at 北纬52度20分，东经97度30分; the Malyy (lesser) Yenisei also known as the Kaa-Khem (Каа-Хем) rises in the Darhat (rift) valley in Mongolia. Recent research has shown that the narrow exit to the Darhat Valley has regularly been blocked by ice producing a lake as large as neighbouring Lake Khuvsgul. When the glaciers retreated (the last time 9300 years BP) as much as 500 km³ of water would have escaped, possibly catastrophically.
These two headstreams flow west converging at Kyzyl, and on meeting the east-flowing Khemchik River head north through a canyon in the Western Sayan mountains. The Yenisei emerges from the mountains onto an area of steppe where its first control is the 30m dam at Mayna. This section is around 700 km.
[编辑] 貝加爾河源
The 320 km (partly navigable) Upper Angara feeds into the northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from the Selenga which forms a delta on the south-eastern side. The longest tributaries rise on the eastern slopes of central Mongolia's Hangayn Nuruu mountains. Another tributary, the Tuul passes through the Mongolian capital, Ulaanbaatar while the Egiin drains Lake Khuvsgul.
Just downstream from Mayna, the 242m Sayano-Shushenskaya dam at Sayansk powers Russia's largest hydroelectric plant completed in 1989 and producing 6400 MW for aluminium production. This is the same height and five times the power of the Hoover Dam. About 100 km downstream the Yenisei is swollen by the Abakan river and passes Abakan, capital of the Khakassia region, on the west bank and Minusinsk on the east bank. It passes within 10 km of the Chulym, a tributary of the Ob before reaching Krasnoyarsk after 300 km. This halt on the Trans-Siberian railway is the Yenisei's largest city. Krasnoyarsk is a major port. Not far away from Krasnoyarsk is Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric dam.
The closed city of Zheleznogorsk, 70km downstream, is a secret Soviet nuclear weapons and satellite facility missing from most maps. The exact state of the enormous nuclear waste dump is unclear, but some discharges continue to pollute the Yenisei. A further 200 km downstream comes the confluence with the Angara (whose final section is also known as the Upper [Verkhnyaya] Tunguska).
[编辑] 安加拉河
The Angara (Ангара́) river drains Lake Baikal and runs 1840 km from the regional capital Irkutsk to converge with the Yenisei at Strelka (). It is dammed in four places to power local industry. The 44m dam at Irkutsk produces 650 MW. Bratsk lies 500 km downstream, where the 124 m dam built in the 1960s produces 4500 MW. The resultant reservoir is nicknamed Dragon Lake because of its outline. The tributary Oka and Iya rivers, which rise on the north slopes of the Eastern Sayan mountains, form the 'jaws' and 400 km of the Angara form the 'tail'. There are newer dams almost as large at Ust-Ilimsk 250 km downstream (also damming the tributary Ilim river) and Boguchany a further 400 km downstream (not operational). Further dams are planned but the environmental consequences of completely taming the Angara are leading to protests which may prevent funding.
Angarsk, the center of the expanding Eastern Siberian oil industry and site of a huge Yukos-owned refinery, lies 50 km downstream of Irkutsk. A major pipeline takes oil west, and a new one is being built to carry oil east for supply to Japan from the Sea of Japan port of Nakhodka. The exact potential of Eastern Siberia is unknown, but two new major fields are the Kovyktinskoye field near Zhigalovo 200 km north of Irkutsk and the extremely remote Verkhnechonskoye field 500 km north of Irkutsk on the Central Siberian Plateau.
[编辑] 下游
The Great Kaz joins the Yenisei 300 km downstream of the Strelka. It is noteworthy for its connection to the Ob via Ob-Yenisei canal and Ket River. The river starts to widen, its bed being littered with islands as numerous rivers augment its flow, in particular 1800 km Stony (Podkamennaya) Tunguska, and the 3000 km Lower (Nizhnyaya) Tunguska at Turukhansk draining the desolate central Siberian Plateau from the east. The remote Tunguska (Тунгуска) region is most famous for the 1908 meteorite impact, but is now being explored for oil. Beyond Turukhansk, the river enters tundra.
The river is icebound for more than half the year, and if unchecked ice could dam the river causing major flooding. Explosives are used to keep the water flowing. The final town is Dudinka which is connected to Krasnoyarsk by regular passenger boat. The river widens to a 50 km estuary for its final 250 km and the shipping lanes are kept open by icebreaker.
During the ice age, the route to the arctic was blocked by ice. Though the exact details are unclear, the Yenisei is believed to have flowed into a huge lake filling much of western Siberia, eventually flowing into the Black Sea.
