Static Wikipedia February 2008 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu

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X-SAMPA

维基百科,自由的百科全书

Extended SAM Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA)SAMPA 的一種變體,最先於 1995年倫敦大學的語言學教授約翰·克利斯多佛·威爾斯(John C. Wells)提出。X-SAMPA 是為了統一各種 SAMPA 字母表而產生的,並且擴展至包含所有國際音標符號,能夠把所有音標轉寫成七位元的 ASCII碼。

目录

[编辑] 概要

[编辑] 註記

  • 若原本的國際音標是沒有加上修飾的小寫字母,在 X-SAMPA 中則會使用相同的字母。
  • X-SAMPA 利用後加反斜線來當作逃逸字元,以便產生新的符號,例如 OO\ 代表了兩個不同的符號,兩者亦沒有任何關係。(請注意,一些人造語言創作者會感到使用星記號比使用反斜線更方便,例如 O*)。
  • X-SAMPA 的附加符號均置於被修飾的字母之後。除了表示鼻化音的「~」、表示音節化(元音化)的「=」和表示卷舌化及R色彩元音的「` 」以外,其他附加符號都必須用底線「_」來與字母聯結起來。
  • 底線字母也可以用來表示國際音標中的聯結線。
  • 數目字 _1_6 均屬保留附加符號,以用來作為一種語言的聲調簡寫,例如普通話用「_1」表示「陰平聲」、「_2」表示「陽平聲」、「_3」表示「上聲」、「_4」表示「去聲」。

[编辑] 小寫符號

XS IPA(Unicode) IPA(圖片) 發音方法 例子
a a Image:Xsampa-a.png 開前不圓唇元音 法語的 dame [dam]、西班牙語的adre ["paD4e]
b b Image:Xsampa-b.png 濁雙唇塞音 英語的 bed [bEd]、法語的 bon [bO~]
b_< ɓ Image:Xsampa-b lessthan.png 濁雙唇內破裂音  
c c Image:Xsampa-c.png 清顎塞音 匈牙利語的 latyak ["lAcAk]
d d Image:Xsampa-d.png 濁齒齦塞音 英語的 dig [dIg]、法語的 doigt [dwa]
d` ɖ Image:Xsampa-d'.png 濁卷舌塞音 瑞典語的 hord [hu:d`]
d_< ɗ Image:Xsampa-d lessthan.png 濁齒齦吸氣音  
e e Image:Xsampa-e.png 半閉前不圓唇元音 法語的 ses [se]
f f Image:Xsampa-f2.png 清唇齒擦音 英語的 five [faIv]、法語的 femme [fam]
g ɡ Image:Xsampa-g.png 濁軟腭塞音voiced velar plosive 英語的 game [geIm]、法語的 longue [lO~g]
g_< ɠ Image:Xsampa-g lessthan.png 濁軟腭吸氣音  
h h Image:Xsampa-h.png 清聲門擦音 英語的 house [haUs]
h\ ɦ Image:Xsampa-hslash.png 濁聲門擦音  
i i Image:Xsampa-i.png 閉前不圓唇元音 英語的 be [bi:]、法語的 oui [wi]、西班牙語的 si [si]
j j Image:Xsampa-j2.png 硬腭通音(硬腭漸近音) 英語的 yes [jEs]、法語的 yeux [j2]
j\ ʝ Image:Xsampa-jslash2.png 濁硬腭擦音 希臘語的 γειά [j\a]
k k Image:Xsampa-k.png 清軟腭塞音 英語的 cat [k{t]、西班牙語的 carro ["kar:o]
l l Image:Xsampa-l.png 齒齦邊通音 英語的 lay [leI]、法語的 mal [mal]
l` ɭ Image:Xsampa-l'.png retroflex lateral approximant Svealand Swedish sorl [so:l`]
l\ ɺ Image:Xsampa-lslash.png alveolar lateral flap Japanese phoneme /r/
m m Image:Xsampa-m.png bilabial nasal English mouse [maUs], French homme [Om]
n n Image:Xsampa-n.png alveolar nasal English nap [n{p], French non [nO~]
n` ɳ Image:Xsampa-n'.png retroflex nasal Swedish hörn [h2:n`]
o o Image:Xsampa-o.png close-mid back rounded vowel French gros [gRo]
p p Image:Xsampa-p.png voiceless bilabial plosive English leap [li:p], French pose [poz], Spanish perro ["per:o]
p\ ɸ Image:Xsampa-pslash.png voiceless bilabial fricative Japanese fuku [p\M_0kM]
q q Image:Xsampa-q.png voiceless uvular plosive Arabic qasbah ["qQs_Gba]
r r Image:Xsampa-r.png alveolar trill Spanish perro ["per:o]
r` ɽ Image:Xsampa-r'.png retroflex flap  
r\ ɹ Image:Xsampa-rslash2.png alveolar approximant English red [r\Ed]
r\` ɻ Image:Xsampa-rslash'.png retroflex approximant  
s s Image:Xsampa-s.png voiceless alveolar fricative English seem [si:m], French session [se"sjO~]
s` ʂ Image:Xsampa-s'.png voiceless retroflex fricative Swedish mars [mas`]
s\ ɕ Image:Xsampa-sslash.png voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative Polish świerszcz [s\v'ErStS]
t t Image:Xsampa-t.png voiceless alveolar plosive English too [tu:], French raté [Ra"te], Spanish tuyo ["tujo]
t` ʈ Image:Xsampa-t'.png voiceless retroflex plosive Swedish mört [m2t`]
u u Image:Xsampa-u.png close back rounded vowel English boom [bu:m], Spanish su [su]
v v Image:Xsampa-v.png voiced labiodental fricative English vest [vEst], French voix [vwa]
v\ (or P) ʋ Image:Xsampa-Porvslash.png labiodental approximant Dutch west [v\Est]/[PEst]
w w Image:Xsampa-w2.png labial-velar approximant English west [wEst], French oui [wi]
x x Image:Xsampa-x.png voiceless velar fricative Scots loch [lQx]
x\ ɧ Image:Xsampa-xslash2.png voiceless palatal-velar fricative Swedish sjal [x\A:l]
y y Image:Xsampa-y.png close front rounded vowel French tu [ty] German über ["y:b6]
z z Image:Xsampa-z.png voiced alveolar fricative English zoo [zu:], French azote [a"zOt]
z` ʐ Image:Xsampa-z'.png voiced retroflex fricative  
z\ ʑ Image:Xsampa-zslash.png voiced alveolo-palatal fricative Polish źrebak ["z\rEbak]

[编辑] 大寫符號

XS IPA IPA Description Example
A ɑ Image:Xsampa-A2.png open back unrounded vowel English father ["fA:D@(r\)] (RP and Gen.Am.)
B β Image:Xsampa-B2.png voiced bilabial fricative Spanish lavar [la"Ba4]
B\ ʙ Image:Xsampa-Bslash.png bilabial trill Reminiscent of shivering ("brrr")
C ç Image:Xsampa-C2.png voiceless palatal fricative German ich [IC], English human ["Cum@n] (broad transcription uses [hj-])
D ð Image:Xsampa-D2.png voiced dental fricative English then [DEn]
E ɛ Image:Xsampa-E2.png open-mid front unrounded vowel French même [mEm], English met [mEt]
F ɱ Image:Xsampa-F.png labiodental nasal English emphasis ["EFf@sIs] (spoken quickly, otherwise uses [Emf-])
G ɣ Image:Xsampa-G2.png voiced velar fricative Greek γωνία [Go"nia], Danish vælge ["vElG@]
G\ ɢ Image:Xsampa-Gslash.png voiced uvular plosive  
G\_< ʛ Image:Xsampa-Gslash lessthan.png voiced uvular implosive  
H ɥ Image:Xsampa-H.png labial-palatal approximant French huit [Hi]
H\ ʜ Image:Xsampa-Hslash.png voiceless epiglottal fricative  
I ɪ Image:Xsampa-I2.png near-close near-front unrounded vowel English kit [kIt]
I\ Ɨ Image:Xsampa-Islash.png central lax close unrounded vowel, not in IPA  
J ɲ Image:Xsampa-J.png palatal nasal Spanish año ["aJo], English canyon ["k{J@n] (broad transcription uses [-nj-])
J\ ɟ Image:Xsampa-Jslash.png voiced palatal plosive Hungarian egy [EJ\]
J\_< ʄ Image:Xsampa-Jslash lessthan.png voiced palatal implosive  
K ɬ Image:Xsampa-K2.png voiceless alveolar lateral fricative Welsh llaw [KaU_^]
K\ ɮ Image:Xsampa-Kslash.png voiced alveolar lateral fricative  
L ʎ Image:Xsampa-L2.png palatal lateral approximant Italian famiglia [fa"miLa], Castilian llamar [La"mar], English million ["mIL@n] (broad transcription uses [-lj-])
L\ ʟ Image:Xsampa-Lslash.png velar lateral approximant English phoneme /5/
M ɯ Image:Xsampa-M.png close back unrounded vowel Korean (eu)
M\ ɰ Image:Xsampa-Mslash.png velar approximant Spanish fuego ["fweM\o]
N ŋ Image:Xsampa-N2.png velar nasal English thing [TIN]
N\ ɴ Image:Xsampa-Nslash.png uvular nasal Japanese san [saN\]
O ɔ Image:Xsampa-O2.png open-mid back rounded vowel British English thought [TO:t], American English off [O:f]
O\ ʘ Image:Xsampa-Oslash.png bilabial click  
P (or v\) ʋ Image:Xsampa-Porvslash.png labiodental approximant Dutch west [PEst]/[v\Est], allophone of English phoneme /r\/
Q ɒ Image:Xsampa-Q.png open back rounded vowel British English lot [lQt]
R ʁ Image:Xsampa-R2.png voiced uvular fricative French roi [Rwa]
R\ ʀ Image:Xsampa-Rslash.png uvular trill German phoneme /r/
S ʃ Image:Xsampa-S2.png voiceless postalveolar fricative English ship [SIp]
T θ Image:Xsampa-T2.png voiceless dental fricative English thin [TIn]
U ʊ Image:Xsampa-U2.png near-close near-back rounded vowel English foot [fUt]
U\ ʊ̵ Image:Xsampa-Uslash.png central lax close rounded vowel, not in IPA  
V ʌ Image:Xsampa-V.png open-mid back unrounded vowel English strut [str\Vt]
W ʍ Image:Xsampa-X.png voiceless labial-velar fricative Scots when [WEn]
X χ Image:Xsampa-x2.png voiceless uvular fricative Welsh bach [baX]
X\ ħ Image:Xsampa-Xslash.png voiceless pharyngeal fricative Arabic ha’ [X\?]
Y ʏ Image:Xsampa-Y2.png near-close near-front rounded vowel German hübsch [hYpS]
Z ʒ Image:Xsampa-Z2.png voiced postalveolar fricative English vision ["vIZ@n]

[编辑] 其它符號

XS IPA IPA Description Example
. . Image:Xsampa-fullstop.png syllable break  
" ˈ Image:Xsampa-doublequotes.png primary stress  
% ˌ Image:Xsampa-percentage.png secondary stress  
' (or _j) ʲ Image:Xsampa-'or j.png palatalized  
: ː Image:Xsampa-colon.png long  
:\ ˑ Image:Xsampa-colonslash.png half long Estonian differentiates three vowel lengths
-     separator  
@ ə Image:Xsampa-at.png schwa English arena [@"r`i:n@]
@\ ɘ Image:Xsampa-atslash.png close-mid central unrounded vowel  
{ æ Image:Xsampa-leftcurly.png near-open front unrounded vowel English trap [tr\{p]
} ʉ Image:Xsampa-rightcurly.png close central rounded vowel Swedish sju [x\}:]
1 ɨ Image:Xsampa-1.png close central unrounded vowel Welsh tu [t1], American English rose's ["r\oUz1z]
2 ø Image:Xsampa-2.png close-mid front rounded vowel Danish købe ["k2:b@], French deux [d2]
3 ɜ Image:Xsampa-3.png open-mid central unrounded vowel English nurse [n3:s] (RP) or [n3`s] (Gen.Am.)
3\ ɞ Image:Xsampa-3slash.png open-mid central rounded vowel  
4 ɾ Image:Xsampa-4.png alveolar flap Spanish pero ["pe4o], American English better ["bE4@`]
5 ɫ Image:Xsampa-l_eor5.png velarized alveolar lateral approximant; also see _e English milk [mI5k]
6 ɐ Image:Xsampa-6.png near-open central vowel German besser ["bEs6], Australian English mud [m6d]
7 ɤ Image:Xsampa-7.png close-mid back unrounded vowel Estonian kõik [k7ik], Occurs in Vietnamese
8 ɵ Image:Xsampa-8.png close-mid central rounded vowel Swedish buss [b8s]
9 œ Image:Xsampa-9.png open-mid front rounded vowel French neuf [n9f], Danish drømme [dR9m@]
& ɶ Image:Xsampa-amper.png open front rounded vowel
? ʔ Image:Xsampa-questionmark.png glottal stop Danish stød [sd2?], Cockney English bottle ["bQ?l]
?\ ʕ Image:Xsampa-qmarkslash.png voiced pharyngeal fricative Arabic ayn
*     undefined escape character, SAMPA's "conjunctor", used by some conlangers instead of \  
/     indeterminacy in French vowels  
<     begin nonsegmental notation (e.g., SAMPROSA)  
<\ ʢ Image:Xsampa-lessthanslash.png voiced epiglottal fricative  
>     end nonsegmental notation  
>\ ʡ Image:Xsampa-greaterthanslash.png epiglottal plosive  
^ Image:Xsampa-hat.png upstep  
! Image:Xsampa-exclamation.png downstep  
!\ ǃ Image:Xsampa-exclamationslash.png postalveolar click  
|   Image:Xsampa-bar.png minor (foot) group  
|\ ǀ Image:Xsampa-barslash.png dental click  
||   Image:Xsampa-doublebar.png major (intonation) group  
|\|\ ǁ Image:Xsampa-doublebarslash.png lateral alveolar click  
=\ ǂ Image:Xsampa-equalsslash.png palatal click  
-\ ̮ Image:Xsampa-dashslash.png linking mark  

[编辑] 附加符號

XS IPA IPA Description
_"   ̈ Image:Xsampa-_doublequotes.png centralized
_+   ̟ Image:Xsampa-_plus.png advanced
_-   ̠ Image:Xsampa-_minus.png retracted
_/ ˇ   rising tone
_0   ̥ Image:Xsampa-_0.png voiceless
_<     implosive (IPA uses separate symbols for implosives)
= (or _=)   ̩ Image:Xsampa-equalsor_equals.png syllabic
_> ʼ Image:Xsampa-_greaterthan.png ejective
_?\ ˤ Image:Xsampa-_questionslash.png pharyngealized
_\ ˆ   falling tone
_^   ̯ Image:Xsampa-_hat.png non-syllabic
_}   ̚ Image:Xsampa-_rightcurly.png no audible release
` ˞ Image:Xsampa-'rhino.png rhotacization in vowels, retroflexion in consonants (IPA uses separate symbols for consonants, see t` for an example)
~ (or _~)   ̃ Image:Xsampa-tildor tild.png nasalization
_A   ̘ Image:Xsampa-_A.png advanced tongue root
_a   ̺ Image:Xsampa-_a2.png apical
_B   ̏ Image:Xsampa-_B.png extra low tone
_B_L   Image:Xsampa-_B_L.png low rising tone
_c   ̜ Image:Xsampa-_c.png less rounded
_d   ̪ Image:Xsampa-_d.png dental
_e   ̴ Image:Xsampa-_e.png velarized or pharyngealized; also see 5
<F>   Image:Xsampa-ltFgt.png global fall
_F   ̂ Image:Xsampa-_F.png falling tone
_G ˠ Image:Xsampa-_G.png velarized
_H   ́ Image:Xsampa-_H.png high tone
_H_T   Image:Xsampa-_H_T.png high rising tone
_h ʰ Image:Xsampa-_h.png aspirated
_j (or ') ʲ Image:Xsampa-'or_j.png palatalized
_k   ̰ Image:Xsampa-_k.png creaky voice
_L   ̀ Image:Xsampa-_L.png low tone
_l ˡ Image:Xsampa-_l.png lateral release
_M   ̄ Image:Xsampa-_M.png mid tone
_m   ̻ Image:Xsampa-_m.png laminal
_N   ̼ Image:Xsampa-_N.png linguolabial
_n Image:Xsampa-_n2.png nasal release
_O   ̹ Image:Xsampa_O.png more rounded
_o   ̞ Image:Xsampa-_o.png lowered
_q   ̙ Image:Xsampa-_q.png retracted tongue root
<R>   Image:Xsampa-ltRgt.png global rise
_R   ̌ Image:Xsampa-_R.png rising tone
_R_F   Image:Xsampa-_R_F.png rising falling tone
_r   ̝ Image:Xsampa-_r.png raised
_T   ̋ Image:Xsampa-_T.png extra high tone
_t   ̤ Image:Xsampa-_t.png breathy voice
_v   ̬ Image:Xsampa-_v.png voiced
_w ʷ Image:Xsampa-_w.png labialized
_X   ̆ Image:Xsampa-_X.png extra-short
_x   ̽ Image:Xsampa-_x.png mid-centralized

[编辑] 參見

[编辑] 外部連結

Static Wikipedia 2008 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

Static Wikipedia 2007 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - en - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu -

Static Wikipedia 2006 (no images)

aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu