ᏙᏯ

From Wikipedia

?Beavers Fossil range: Late Miocene - Recent
ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏙᏯ
Scientific classification
Kingdom: gantlaiia Phylum: Chordata Class: gantlaiia Order: Rodentia Family: Castoridae Genus: Castor Linnaeus, 1758
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
C. canadensis C. ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ

ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ-aquatic rodentᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ Europe. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Castoridae, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ European ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏙᏯ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗization ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ.

ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ (aka ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎥᏓᎵ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ rodents, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ capybara. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᏙᏯᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ cornered. ᏙᏯ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎤᏔᎾ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᎪᎥᎯᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 25 kg (55 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ. ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ lyudetiyvda, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ gantlai.

Contents 1 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ 2 ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ 2.1 ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ 2.2 ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ 3 ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ 4 ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ 5 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ 6 1911 ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ 7 ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ 8 ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ 9 ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ

[edit] ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ

ᎯᎠ European ᏙᏯ (ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ hunted ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ castoreum, ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ gland ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ properties. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ re-ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ Europe. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Elbe, ᎯᎠ Rhone ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Scandinavia. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ Poland ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ reintroduced ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Bavaria ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Netherlands ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ Britain ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏚᏏᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi: Giraldus Cambrensis ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1188 (Itinerarium ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ.ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ) Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Teifi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Wales ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Scotland, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏂᏃᏗ 2005, ᏑᏓᎵ European ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ re-ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ Britain ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Gloucestershire, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ re-ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Scotland ᎠᎴ Wales.^[1]

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏙᏯ (Castoroides ohioensis) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ rodents Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ disappeared, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏆ gantlai ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Holocene ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ.

[edit] ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎦᏂᏟ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ iyahdvnelidasdi nvwatohiyadv ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎿ, ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ downed ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ. ᏙᏯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ecosystem ᎾᎥᎢ creating wetlands Ꮎ ᎠᎴ utilized ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏙᏯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ amazing. ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ gantlai ᎾᏛᏁ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ Ꮝ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ predators, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tierra del Fuego, ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ flooded ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ unstoppable ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ.

[edit] ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ predators, e.g., ᏩᏯ, ᎠᏂᏩᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎨᏒᎢ nanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ itsuwakodi ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ spillways ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ. ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᎹ.

ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎢ lyadvnehi ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᏙᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏑᏒᎯᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ.

ᎾᏞᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ involving ᏙᏯ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ activities ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ stimuli, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎠᎹ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ Wilson (1971) ᎠᎴ Richard (1967, 1980) ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏙᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎦᏒᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ loudspeaker ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ iyuwakodi. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎥᎢ plugging ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ tlawotu ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ upstream ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ Ꮭ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎠᎹ.

ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ disruptive; ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ roadbed, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ derailments ᎾᎥᎢ ᎥᎬᏍᏉᏍᎬ-atsinuqowisgv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏏᏅᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᏣᎷᏘᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ; ᏙᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎬᏙᏗ.

ᎩᎳ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᏅᎠᏓᏁᏗ wetlands, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ecosystem. ᏯᏛᎿ wetland ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᎢ, biodiversity (ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ toxins ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pesticides ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ turbidity Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ aquatic ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.

ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ utugi gvdi ᏒᏙᏂ, ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ rodent. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ.

ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ

ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ kalil ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᎹ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ achieved ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv ᎠᎹ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᎹ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ kanquotsegi ᎯᎠ wetted ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ seep ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ underlying ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏢᏃ Ꮝ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ slowed ᎡᎳᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ Ꮝ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎤᏪᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎭ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ.

Wetland ᏗᏁᏝᎾ

ᎢᏳᏃ ᏙᏯ ᎥᏓᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ settling atsinuqowisgv ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ breached ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ wetland ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ wetlands ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ.

ᎯᎠ grazing ᏂᎬᏅ (ᏂᎬᏅ)

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ wetland kalil ᎠᎴ dries atsinuqowisgv, ᏩᎦ ᏗᏴᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏂᎬᏅ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ grazing. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ, ᎪᎯ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ riverine ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ

ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏅ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ colonized ᎾᎥᎢ riverine ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ aspens, ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ favoured ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ recolonize ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ.

ᎭᏫᏂ ᎦᏙᎯ

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ iyuwakodi ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᏄᏓᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ kalil ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ wider ᎠᎴ wider. ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ sparce ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ Ꮎ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ fabled ᎭᏫᏂ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ , ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᏙᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ.

Nutrient ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ nutrients ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏯ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ. ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ adel didiyi ᎤᏪᏴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎵ phosphates, nitrates ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ nutrients ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ anaditsgv. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ cellulose, polymer ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ molleculles (polyglucose?). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ cellulase ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ algae ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ sunlight, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ cellulose ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏏ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ mollecule nitrogen ᎠᎴ phosporous ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏂᏯᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ nutrients ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ nutrients ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎦᏙᎯ.

Pesticide ᎠᎴ herbicide ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ

ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ herbicides ᎠᎴ pesticides ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ nasties ᎠᎴ metabolized ᎠᎴ detoxified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ cellulose ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ.

Denitrification

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Nitrate ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ nitrogen ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ nitrogen ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ Dioxide ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅᎯ, Ꮎ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ denitrification. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ digakohidi, denitrification ᎨᏒᎢ achieved ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ aerobic ᎠᎴ anaerobic ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ seeps ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ anaerobic. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ Ꮝ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ. ᎪᎯ aerobic, anaerobic ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.

ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ,^[2] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᏦᎢ ᏴᎩ, Montana ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 2,140 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, 14 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ 23 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv.^[3] ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁ ᏕᎨᏥᎧᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ-ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ environmentally ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ. Unwanted ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏔᎦ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᏕᏡᎬ.^[4]

[edit] ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ

ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ' ᎣᏪᏅᏒ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ severed ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ tlawotu. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ underwater ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ gantlai (ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏎᎳᎩᏍᏆ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎦᎪ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ). ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᏙᏯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ underwater ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ.

[edit] ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ startled ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ ᏙᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ forcefully slapping ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ 'ᎠᏓᏏᏛᏂᏍᏗ', ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏐᎢ ᏙᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏂᎦᏛ nearby ᏙᏯ ᏫᎵ ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ reemerge ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ iyuwakodi.

[edit] ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ

ᏙᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 17th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ EuropeᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏭᏅᎩ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎡᏆ Britain ᎠᎴ France ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ endangerment. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ takeover ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎤᏍᏗ resurgence ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ-ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏙᏯ; ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ utilized ᏥᏄᏍᏗ gantlai ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ.

[edit] ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ

ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᏙᏯ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᏢᏓᏥ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1908) ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᏓᏗ ᎡᎯ, ᎾᎥᎢ Albert Bigelow Paine.

ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏙᏯ (C. canadensis) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ gantlai Canada; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ depicted ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎯᏍᎩ-ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏁᎳ postage ᎦᏯᎸᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏙᏯ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎨᏒᎢ favourite ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ furry ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ 1976 ᎪᎨᏱ Olympics ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Montreal ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ "Amik" ("ᏙᏯ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Algonquin). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ 22e Régiment ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ.

Oregon ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ". ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ gantlai ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏓᏘ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ gantlai ᎢᏤ York (ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏂᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏤ Netherland).

ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ capabilities, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎯᎠ Massachusetts ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, California ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, Oregon ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Toronto. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏂᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ London ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ Ꮝ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ - ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 17th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Quebec, ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ruled Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Summa Theologica Thomas Aquinas; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎳᏗ gantlai ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ.^[5] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎾᎿ ᏧᎾᎩᎶᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎬᎾᏙᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎭᏫᏯ. ^{[6] [7]}

[edit] 1911 ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 1911 ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ Brittannica.

ᏙᏯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ European aquatic ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ ᎯᎠ mammalian ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ RODENTIA, ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ descended ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Aryan ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ gantlai, cf. lyudetiyvda babhru', ᏬᏗᎨ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ichneumon, Lat. ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ, ᏄᏁᎸᎾ. Biber, Swed. bäver, Russ. bobr'; ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ bhru ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ "ᏬᏗᎨ," ᎠᎴ, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Romanic, "ᏬᏗᎨ" ᎠᎴ "ᎦᎶᏂᏗ."

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏙᏯ (ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ Europe ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Asia, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ-ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ (C. canadensis), ᏭᏂᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ.

ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ(Sciuridae), ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏳᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Sciuridae ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ (tibia ᎠᎴ fibula) ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏭᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ arboreal ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ Castoridae ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ aquatic.

ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ webbed ᎣᏂᏗᏢ-ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ-ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏌᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ, ᎦᏩᏒᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏙᏯ--European ᎠᎴ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ--ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2 ft. ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏥᏚᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ; ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ--ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎠᎴ greyish colour, ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ coarser ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏬᏗᎨ.

ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ aquatic ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎥᏝ travelling ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England, ᎯᎠ European ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ exterminated ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Elbe, ᎯᎠ Rhone ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Scandinavia. ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ.

ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᎭᏢᏃ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ tlawotu ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏕᏡᎬ felled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ incisor ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ neighbourhood ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ "ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ," ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ. ᎯᎠ tlawotu ᎨᏒᎢ plastered ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎬᏱᏗᏢ-ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏭᏂᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏯᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ digakohidi.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ localities. ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ; ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ, ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ driftwood, ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ, ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ poplars; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ tlawotu ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏅᏯ intermixed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏃᏌᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ.

"ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ," ᎪᏪᎵᎠ Hearne, "ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ frequented ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ, ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ; ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ, poplar ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ Ꮎ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ."

ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏅᎩ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏙᏯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏥᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎨᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏦᏔ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Ꮭ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹ.

ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ tlawotu ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏅᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎬᏱᏗᏢ-ᎤᏩᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ tlawotu, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏩᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ wolverineᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎯᎠ favourite ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ-ᎤᎾᏥ (Nuphar luteum), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ tsuqwanvdena-ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᏙᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏍᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎸ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ, poplar ᎠᎴ ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ ᏕᏡᎬ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎪᏘ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ berries, ᎨᏒᎢ consumed.

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ iyuwakodi ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᎳ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏓ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎩᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ outer ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎩᎳ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᎶᏂ.

Castoreum ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ pouches ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᏴᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ foetid odour, ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ iyuwakodi ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏬᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗry.

lyudetiyvda ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ England ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ Europe; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Pleistocene ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ England ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏙᏯ, Trogontherium cuvieri, ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ.

[edit] ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ

1. ↑ http://www.msn.ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ.uk/htx/returnofthebeaver/
2. ↑ http://abob.libs.ᎤᎦ.edu/bobk/bbeavdam.html
3. ↑ http://ᎣᏪᏅᏒ.earthlink.ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ/~scouters2/ᏙᏯ.html
4. ↑ http://www.BeaversWW.org
5. ↑ The Summa Theologica of St. Thomas Aquinas ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ. 147:8 ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ argued ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ favour ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏣᏗ.
6. ↑ http://www.chowdc.org/Ꭺ/Saunders%202001.html
7. ↑ Template:FrLacoursière, Jacques. Une histoire du Québec ISBN 2894480504 ᏕᎪᏏᏏ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ François ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Laval ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 17th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi posed ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ Sorbonne, ᎦᎪ ruled ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ favour ᎪᎯ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ.

[edit] ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ

• ITIS 180211 2002-12-14

[edit] ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ

• European beaver watching site at Aigas, Scotland
• Beavers: Wetlands & Wildlife website
• Bob Arnebeck's beaver observation site
• Ecology of the Beaver
• Animal fact sheets ᎦᏁᎳ Geographic ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ
• Canadian Heritage - the beaver as a national symbol
• A website about reintroducing the beaver to Scotland
• The romance of the beaver; ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᎥᎢ . Radclyffe Dugmore. ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎨᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi. ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ: Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ; London, W. Heinemann 1914 (searchable ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Georgia Libraries)

Template:1911