Ivano-Frankivsk
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| Location | |||
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| Government | |||
| Country Oblast Raion |
Ukraine Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast Ivano-Frankivsk City Municipality |
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| Founded | 1662 | ||
| City rights | 1662 | ||
| Mayor | Viktor Anushkevychus | ||
| Geographical characteristics | |||
| Area - City |
83.73 km² |
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| Population - City (2004) - Density |
204,200 2,752/km² |
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| Coordinates | |||
| Other Information | |||
| Postal Code | 76000 | ||
| Dialing Code | +380 342 | ||
| Sister cities | Rzeszów | ||
| Website: www.mvk.if.ua | |||
Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukrainian: Івано-Франківськ, translit. Ivano-Frankivs'k, Russian: Ивано-Франковск; also referred to as Ivano-Frankovsk) is a historic city located in western Ukraine.
It is the administrative center of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (province), and is designated as its own separate raion (district) within the oblast. Prior to 1962, the city was known as Stanyslaviv (Ukrainian: Станиславів; Polish: Stanisławów; German: Stanislau; Yiddish: סטאַניסלעוו, translit. Stanislev).
The estimated population was 204,200 as of 2004.
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[edit] History
The city, named Stanisławów, was erected as a fortress to protect the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from Tatar invasions. It was built on the site of the village of Zabolottya, which had been founded in 1437.[1]
The city was first mentioned in 1662 in connection with it being granted the Magdeburg rights. Jews were permitted to build houses for themselves on the "Street of the Jews" (which was located at that time by the flood bank).[2] Later, the fortress also successfully withstood attacks by Turkish and Russian forces. Extensively rebuilt during the Renaissance, it was sometimes called Little Leopolis.[3] The city was also an important center of Armenian culture in Poland.
In 1772, after the Partitions of Poland it became a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and successively of the autonomous Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.
In October 1918, the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed, and the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR) was proclaimed.[4]
In 1919, it was a subject of Polish–Ukrainian skirmishes, and it eventually was annexed by Poland as part of the Second Polish Republic as the capital of the Stanisławów Voivodship.
In 1920, the Red Army took over the city for a brief period. In the few days between the retreat of the Red Army and the entry of the Polish army, the private army of Symon Petlura roamed around wildly for a few days, killing, looting, and raping.[5]
In the 1939 invasion of Poland by German and Soviet forces, the territory was captured by the Soviets and attached to the Ukrainian SSR.
There were more than 40,000 Jews in Stanislawow when it was occupied by the Germans on July 26, 1941.
From 1944, it was a part of the USSR until Ukraine gained its independence in August 1991 after the fall of the Soviet Union.
[edit] Nazi occupation
During the Nazi occupation (1941-44), more than 600 educated Poles and most of the city's Jewish population was murdered.[6]
On August 1, 1941, Galicia became the fifth district of the General Government. On October 12, 1941, later called “Blutsonntag” (“Bloody Sunday"), thousands of Jews were gathered on the market square; then the German forces escorted them to the Jewish cemetery, where mass graves had already been prepared. On the way the German and Ukrainian escorts beat and tortured the Jews. At the cemetery the Jews were compelled to give away their valuables and show their papers. The men of the Security Police (Sicherheitspolizei; Sipo) then started mass shootings, assisted by members of the German Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) and the railroad police. The Germans ordered the Jews to undress in groups and then proceed to the graves where they were shot. They fell into the grave or were ordered to jump in before being shot. The German forces shot between 8,000 and 12,000 Jews on that day.[7]
Up to July 1942 most killings were carried out in Rudolf’s Mill, and from August onward, in the courtyard of the Sipo headquarters. On August 22, 1942 the Germans held a “reprisal Aktion” for the murder of a Ukrainian, which they blamed on a Jew. More than 1,000 Jews were shot. German policemen raped Jewish girls and women before taking them to the courtyard of the Sipo headquarters.
About 11,000 Jews were still living in Stanislawów when the next Aktion took place. On February 22 or 23, 1943, Brandt, who had succeeded Hans Krüger as SS-Hauptsturmführer, ordered the police forces to surround the ghetto -- initiating the final liquidation. Four days after the beginning of the Aktion, the Germans put up posters announcing that Stanislawów was “free of Jews.”
When the Soviet army reached Stanislawów on July 27, 1944, there were about 100 Jews in the city who had survived in hiding. In total about 1,500 Jews from Stanislawów survived the war
A formal indictment against Hans Krüger was issued in October 1965, after six years of investigations by the Dortmund State Prosecuter’s Office. On May 6, 1968 the Münster State Court sentenced him to life imprisonment. He was released in 1986.
In Vienna and Salzburg there were other trial proceedings against members of the Schupo and the Gestapo in Stanislawów in 1966.[6]
[edit] Recent history
In 1962 the name changed to honor Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko.[8]
In the early 1990s the city was a strong center of the Ukrainian independence movement.
In 2002, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) called a move by the city council to honor Nazi war veterans, of the SS Galicia division whom the head of the SS, Himmler, congratulated in May 1944 for having cleansed Ukraine of all its Jews as "fighters for independence," inexcusable and "profoundly insulting."[9] In 1986, a Canadian Commission on War Crimes reviewing possible deportation of certain members of the regiment from Canada had determined that the SS Galicia regiment should not be indicted by the Commission for war crimes, and that charges of war crimes by the Division had never been substantiated.[10]
[edit] 1931 census
- Poles: 120,214 (60.6%)
- Ukrainians: 49,032 (24.7%)
- Jews 26,996: (13.6%)
Total: 196,242
[edit] People
- Manfred H. Lachs (1914-1993), jurist [11]
- Arthur F. Burns
- Zbigniew Cybulski
- Mikhail Prusak
- Alfred Johann Theophil Jansa von Tannenau
- Stanisław Sosabowski
- Albin Cardinal Dunajewski
- Svetlana Alexievich
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ EuroScopeUSA - Ivano-Frankivsk
- ^ Jewish Genealogy - The Jewish Settlement from its Inception until 1772
- ^ Travel Ivano-Frankivsk
- ^ Toronto Ukrainian Geneology Group - History of Galicia
- ^ Jewish Genealogy - Between the Two World Wars
- ^ a b yadvashem.org
- ^ Holocaust Encyclopedia - Stanisławów
- ^ From the History of Ivano-Frankivsk
- ^ Anti-Defamation League - Ukranian Move to Honor Nazi War Veterans 'Profoundly Insulting'
- ^ infoukes.com
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica - Lachs, Manfred
[edit] Further reading
| Find more information on Ivano-Frankivsk by searching Wikipedia's sister projects | |
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Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Images and media from Commons |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
- "Endure, Defy and Remember," by Joachim Nachbar, 1977
- "False papers: deception and survival in the Holocaust," by Robert Melson, Univ. of Illinois Press, 2000. Dr. Melson is a professor of political science at Purdue, whose grandfather owned the Mendelsohn factory in Stanislawow.
- "I'm not even a grown up, the diary of Jerzy Feliks Urman," translated by Anthony Rudolf and Joanna Voit, ed. by Anthony Rudolf. London: Menard Press, 1991. 11-yr old in Stanislaw commits suicide to avoid capture by Nazis.
- "Living Longer than Hate," by C.S. Ragsdale
[edit] External links
- mvk.if.ua - Official site of Ivano-Frankivsk
- Soviet topographic map 1:100,000
- 2005 Ivano-Frankivsk - Satellite image
- Ivano-Frankivsk entry at dmoz.org open directory
- The Stanislau Phenomenon - How the Western Ukrainian provincial nest of Ivano-Frankivsk turned into a thriving literary metropolis and multicultural frontier between East and West. By Holger Gemba at signandsight.com
- Stanislau - Transliteration of Unpublished List of Citizens Murdered by the Nazis, from documents of the Russian Commission to Investigate Nazi Crimes
- Polish historical website on Stanislawow
- Photos of modern Ivano-Frankivsk (from 2004)
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Administrative divisions of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ukraine |  |
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Raions: Bohorodchanskyi | Dolynskyi | Halytskyi | Horodenkivskyi | Kaluskyi | Kolomyiskyi | Kosivskyi | Rohatynskyi | Rozhniativskyi | Sniatynskyi | Tlumatskyi | Tysmenytskyi | Verkhovynskyi |
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Cities: Bolekhiv | Burshtyn | Dolyna | Halych | Horodenka | Ivano-Frankivsk | Kalush | Kolomyia | Kosiv | Nadvirna | Rohatyn | Sniatyn | Tlumach | Tysmenytsia | Yaremche |
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Urban-type settlements: Bohorodchany | Kuty | Rozhniativ | Verkhovyna | Vorokhta | Zabolotiv | more... |
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Villages: Cherche | Cheremkhiv | Lisnyi Khlibychyn | Lypivka | more... |
