Raiders of the Lost Ark
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| Raiders of the Lost Ark | |
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 Theatrical poster |
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| Directed by | Steven Spielberg |
| Produced by | Frank Marshall George Lucas (executive) Howard Kazanjian (executive) |
| Written by | George Lucas (story) Philip Kaufman (story) Lawrence Kasdan |
| Starring | Harrison Ford Karen Allen Paul Freeman Ronald Lacey Wolf Kahler |
| Music by | John Williams |
| Cinematography | Douglas Slocombe |
| Editing by | Michael Kahn |
| Distributed by | Paramount Pictures |
| Release date(s) | June 12, 1981 |
| Running time | 115 min. |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $20,000,000 US (est.) |
| Followed by | Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom |
| All Movie Guide profile | |
| IMDb profile | |
Raiders of the Lost Ark, also known as Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark, is a 1981, Academy Award-winning adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg. It is the first installment of the Indiana Jones series. The story introduces archaeologist and adventurer Indiana Jones (Harrison Ford), who is hired by the U.S. government to go on a quest for the mystical lost Ark of the Covenant. Accompanied by his old friend Sallah (John Rhys-Davies) and ex-flame Marion Ravenwood (Karen Allen), he must retrieve the ark before the Nazis and his adversary, French archaeologist Rene Belloq (Paul Freeman) acquire it first.
The original film sparked waves of interest in old 1930s style cliffhanger serials, leading to two more films (Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade), pre-production of a fourth film (to be released in 2008), and The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles television series.
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[edit] Synopsis
In 1936, in a South American jungle, archaeologist Indiana Jones braves through several booby traps to retrieve a golden idol from an ancient temple. After escaping a rolling boulder, he finds rival archaeologist Rene Belloq waiting outside the cave with a small group of armed natives. Surrounded and outnumbered, Jones is forced to give up the artifact to Belloq, but he escapes. Back at the college where he teaches, Jones meets with two US Army intelligence agents. They explain that the Nazis, in their quest to gain occult power, are searching for Abner Ravenwood, Jones’ former mentor. Ravenwood is the foremost expert on the ancient Egyptian city of Tanis, which has been re-discovered by the Nazis and is believed to be the location of the Ark of the Covenant. Jones surmises that the Nazis seek Ravenwood because he possesses the headpiece to the Staff of Ra, a key artifact which is essential in calculating the Ark’s resting place. His colleague Marcus Brody explains that, according to legend, the power of the Ark can make any army invincible.
Jones flies to Nepal finding that Ravenwood has died and his daughter Marion, Jones' bitter former love interest, has the headpiece. After a gunfight between Jones and a sadistic Nazi agent named Toht, Marion's tavern burns down. Toht's hand is scarred with the face of the medallion after he tries to pick it up amid the flames. Jones ends up with both the headpiece and Marion, who decides to travel with him. The two fly to Cairo and meet up with Sallah, a skilled Egyptian digger. Sallah says that he knows where they are digging for the Ark, and that Belloq is working for the Nazis. Nazi operatives quickly kidnap Marion. That evening, Sallah and Jones get the headpiece deciphered. Based on this translation, they realize the Nazis are digging in the wrong place, so they still have a chance to find the Ark.
Infiltrating the dig, Indy and Sallah gather a small crew and begin to dig at the correct location. After several hours, they break through the roof of the buried Well of Souls. Jones is lowered to the floor of the temple and finds it infested with deadly snakes - animals he has a phobia of. After he and Sallah hoist the Ark out of the temple, Belloq and the Nazis take it away, and leave Jones stranded inside the temple. To Belloq's regret, they throw Marion in as well and seal the opening. The duo manage to escape, emerging aboveground in time to find a Luftwaffe flying wing being prepared to transport the Ark to Berlin. They accidentally blow up the plane, so Belloq and Dietrich put the Ark on a truck to Cairo, where it will be shipped to Berlin. Stealing a horse, Jones pursues the convoy escorting the truck, seizes control of the vehicle and after a extended pursuit, escapes with the Ark. That evening, Jones and Marion leave Sallah and escort the Ark to England onboard the tramp steamer Bantu Wind.
The next morning, a Nazi U-boat commandeered by Belloq and Dietrich stops the ship. Jones avoids capture, but Marion and the Ark are removed. Jones covertly boards the U-boat, and steals a soldier's uniform and a rocket launcher. He follows Belloq and the Ark to an isolated canyon, where they plan to test the power of the Ark before presenting it to the Fuhrer. Threatening to destroy the Ark with a rocket, Jones demands that the Nazis free Marion. Belloq calls his bluff, and he is forced to surrender. Marion and Jones are tied up while Belloq and the Nazis perform a ceremonial opening of the Ark. Strange glowing spirits emerge from within, and Jones, now fully aware of the supernatural danger of looking at the open Ark, warns Marion to close her eyes. The spirits proceed to kill the entire group of Nazis (including Dietrich and Toht) and Belloq by melting their faces and making them explode, and after clearing the area and freeing Jones and Marion of their bonds, the Ark closes itself once more with a crack of thunder. Back in Washington D.C., the two Army intelligence men tell a suspicious Jones that "top men" are carefully studying the Ark. The artifact is sealed in a wooden crate marked 'top secret' and stored in a giant government warehouse, filled with countless other similar crates.
[edit] Cast
- Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones. Indiana is an adventurous professor and archaeologist, who often embarks on perilous adventures to obtain rare artifacts. He has a romance with Marion Ravenwood, and his arch nemesis is fellow archaeologist Rene Belloq.
- Karen Allen as Marion Ravenwood. Marion Ravenwood is Abner Ravenwood's daughter. She is a tough-minded, independent bar owner who had a past affair with Indiana Jones.
- Paul Freeman as Rene Belloq. Jones' arch nemesis, Belloq is also an archaeologist after the Ark, but he is working for the Nazis. He intends to harness the power of the Ark himself before Hitler, but he is killed by the supernatural powers of the Ark after opening it.
- John Rhys-Davies as Sallah. Sallah is "the best digger in Egypt", and has been hired by the Nazis to help them excavate Tanis. Although he is suspicious of the Ark's power, he is an old friend of Indiana Jones, and agrees to help him obtain the Ark.
- Denholm Elliott as Marcus Brody. Marcus is a museum curator, and buys whatever artifacts Indiana obtains for display in his museum. The US governmental agents approach him in regards to recovering the Ark, and he sets up a meeting between them and Indiana Jones (whose mentor's name was mentioned by the agents).
- Ronald Lacey as Arnold Toht. Toht is an interrogator for the Nazis, who tries to torture Marion Ravenwood for the headpiece of the Staff of Ra. He only manages to obtain one side of it through a burn in his hand. He is killed by the supernatural powers of the Ark.
- Wolf Kahler as Colonel Dietrich. Dietrich is a ruthless Nazi officer leading the operation to secure the Ark. He is killed by the supernatural powers of the Ark.
- Alfred Molina as Satipo. Satipo is one of Jones's guides through the South American jungle. He betrays Jones and steals the golden idol, but is subsequently killed by one of the traps in the temple.
Producer Frank Marshall played a pilot in the airplane fight sequence. Pat Roach plays the large mechanic with whom Jones brawls in this sequence, and was seen as such a formidable physical opponent for Jones that he returned in both Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (though he only cameos in the final cut) in similar roles as huge, burly fistfighters.
[edit] Production
In 1973, George Lucas wrote The Adventures of Indiana Smith.[1] Like Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, he saw it as an opportunity to create a modern version of the serials of the 1930s and 1940s. Calling Indiana his "dream figure", he wrote four stories about the archaeologist.[2] Lucas discussed the concept with Philip Kaufman, who worked with him for several weeks and came up with the Ark of the Covenant as the plot device. The project was stalled when Clint Eastwood hired Kaufman to direct The Outlaw Josey Wales.[3] In late May 1977, Lucas was in Maui, trying to escape the enormous success of Star Wars. Friend and colleague Steven Spielberg was also there, holidaying from work on Close Encounters of the Third Kind. Whilst building a sand castle, Spielberg expressed an interest in directing a James Bond film. Lucas convinced his friend Spielberg that he had conceived a character "better than James Bond" and explained the concept of Raiders of the Lost Ark. Spielberg loved it, calling it "a James Bond film without the hardware",[2] though he had the character's surname changed to "Jones".[3]
The following year Lucas focused on developing Raiders and the Star Wars sequel Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back, during which Lawrence Kasdan and Frank Marshall joined the project as screenwriter and producer respectively. Between January 23-27 1978 for nine hours daily, Lucas, Kasdan and Spielberg discussed the story and visual ideas. Spielberg came up with Jones being chased by a boulder, and Lucas came up with a submarine, a monkey giving the Nazi salute and a girl slugging Jones in Nepal.[2] Kasdan used a 100 page transcript of their conversations for his first script draft,[4] working for six months.[2] Ultimately some of their ideas were too grand: Kasdan cut out a mine chase, an escape from a museum in Shanghai and a jump from an airplane in a raft into a river. Elements of these would resurface in the sequel.[2] Spielberg and Lucas disagreed on the character: although Lucas saw him as a Bondian playboy, Kasdan and Spielberg felt the professor and adventurer elements of the character made him complex enough. Spielberg had darker visions of Jones, interpreting him as an alcoholic similar to Humphrey Bogart's character Fred C. Dobbs in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre. This characterisation fell away during the later drafts.[2] Spielberg also initially concieved of Toht with a robotic arm, with Lucas rejected as falling into science-fiction.[5] Comic book artist Jim Steranko was also commissioned to produce original illustrations for pre-production, which heavily influenced Spielberg's decisions in both the look of the film and the character of Indiana Jones himself.
As The Empire Strikes Back began post-production in September 1979, Lucas began to find a distribution deal for Raiders of the Lost Ark.[6] Studios were reluctant following Spielberg's flop 1941, unable to believe he could bring the film for $20 million which they would have to pay for.[2] They also balked at simply distributing the film whilst the filmmakers took a larger share of box office receipts[6] and full ownership of the film.[2] Despite a concern that the first sequence alone would cost $20 million,[7] Paramount Pictures under Michael Eisner accepted[6] on condition of making at least four sequels with Lucasfilm.[2] By April 1980, Kasdan's fifth draft was produced, and production was getting ready to shoot at Elstree Studios, with Lucas trying to keep costs down.[6] With four illustrators, Raiders of the Lost Ark was Spielberg's most storyboarded film of his career to date, further helping the film economically,[2] and he and Lucas agreed on a tight schedule to stylistically follow the "quick and dirty" feel of the Saturday matinee serials.
What was left to do was to cast Indiana Jones. Spielberg suggested casting Harrison Ford as Jones, but Lucas objected, stating that he didn't want Ford to become his "Bobby DeNiro" or "that guy I put in all my movies."[8] Desiring a lesser known actor, Lucas convinced Spielberg to help him search for a new talent, and the actor they both became keen for was Tom Selleck, who possessed features similar to Ford's and a much larger physical frame. However, Selleck was unavailable for the part because of his commitment to the television series Magnum, P.I..[6] In June 1980, three weeks away from filming,[9] Spielberg convinced Lucas to offer the role to Ford after Marshall and fellow producer Kathleen Kennedy were impressed by his performance as Han Solo in The Empire Strikes Back.[6] Ford accepted.
Filming began on June 23, 1980 at La Rochelle, France, for scenes involving the Nazi submarine.[6] Lucas "borrowed" the submarine that was going to be used in Das Boot.[10] The crew moved to Elstree Studios[6] for scenes involving the Well of Souls, opening interiors and Marion Ravenwood's bar.[10]
They moved to Tunisia, which stood in for Egypt.[6] Sallah's entrance was filmed in Kairouan.[10] The scene where Indiana Jones shoots the sword-wielding assassin (played by Terry Richards) in the market was improvised on the set. Harrison Ford had been suffering from dysentery and exhaustion due to the extreme heat of Tunisia during filming. As originally planned, the scene was elaborately choreographed, with Jones facing the expert swordsman and trying to defeat him with just his whip. Some footage of the planned fight was shot (and was seen in at least one of the movie's trailers) but the filming was proving to be very tedious, both for Ford and the crew, and at some point Ford had had enough. He said to Spielberg "Why don't we just shoot the sucker?" Spielberg liked the idea, scrapped the rest of the fight scene, and filmed the brief sequence of the shooting that appears in the movie.[11]
The opening exteriors were filmed in Kauai, Hawaii, and exteriors set in Washington D.C. were filmed outside of San Francisco's City Hall. The University of the Pacific, located in Stockton, California, stands in for (the unnamed) Marshall College where Jones works, and his home exteriors were filmed in the city of San Rafael, California.[10] Spielberg managed to shoot the film in only 73 days, wrapping under schedule, in contrast to his previous film, 1941.[2] The Washington D.C. exterior was a pick-up, as the film was originally written to end without any resolution of Indy's relationship to Marion. The brief footage showing the activity on a D.C. street (with the Washington Monument prominently in the background) was actually "borrowed" from the 1975 disaster film The Hindenburg.[12]
[edit] Soundtrack
- "The Raiders' March" (1981) (file info) — play in browser (beta)
- Raiders of the Lost Ark
- Problems playing the files? See media help.
Raiders of the Lost Ark's score is most notable for featuring the rousing and iconic composition "The Raiders March" that came to symbolize Indiana Jones. The tune was composed by John Williams. The score also featured three other prominent themes: the grand yet mysterious "Ark Theme", a theme associated with Marion, and the loud, pompous Nazi March. The score had received an Oscar nomination for best original score, but lost to Vangelis' electro-synth based score for Chariots of Fire. John Williams composed the march in the two seperate segments. When he played them for Steven Spielberg he told Williams that he liked them both, which led to the combined theme people know today.[13]
[edit] Reaction
When released on June 12 the $20-million film was a huge success, easily the highest grossing film (earning $383 million worldwide) of 1981, and, at the time, one of the highest-grossing movies ever made. According to the 2005 edition of The World Almanac (from Variety data), the first two Star Wars films are the only pictures released prior to 1981 that have out-earned Raiders. Raiders of the Lost Ark was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture, in 1982 and won four (Best Sound, Best Film Editing, Best Visual Effects, Best Art Direction-Set Decoration). It also won a Special achievment award for the Sound Effects editing bringing the total oscars to five. It won numerous other awards including seven Saturn Awards.[14]
Following the box office success of Raiders, two more feature films were produced: Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, which is a prequel, and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, which is a sequel. Another sequel, known only as Indiana Jones 4, is also in pre-production. A TV series, entitled The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, also spun off from this film, and details the early years of the character leading up to this film. Numerous other books, comics and video games have also been produced.
In 1998, the American Film Institute placed the film at number 60 on its top 100 films of the first century of cinema. In 1999 the film was deemed "culturally significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.
An amateur shot-for-shot remake was made by Chris Strompolos, Eric Zala and Jayson Lamb, then children in Biloxi, Mississippi. It took the boys seven years to finish, from 1982-1989. After production of the film, called Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Adaptation, wrapped in 1989, it was shelved and forgotten until 2003, where it was discovered by Eli Roth[15] and acclaimed by Spielberg himself[16] who congratulated the boys on their hard work and said he looked forward to seeing their names on the big screen.[17] Scott Rudin and Paramount Pictures have purchased the trio's life rights and will be producing a film based on their adventures making their remake, known as the Untitled Daniel Clowes Project (2006).[18]
[edit] Video games
The only video game based exclusively on this movie is Raiders of the Lost Ark, released in 1982 by Atari for their Atari 2600 console.
The first third of the video game Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures, released in 1994 by JVC for Nintendo's Super Nintendo Entertainment System, is based entirely on the film. Several sequences from the film are reproduced (the boulder run and the showdown with the Cairo Swordsman among them); however, several odd anachronisms make their way into the game as well, such as Nazi soldiers and bats being present in the Well of Souls sequence, for example. The game was developed by LucasArts and Factor 5.
In Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine a bonus level brings Indy back to 'Peru, South America' from this movie. He can explore the cave and he discovers another hidden idol.
[edit] DVD release
For its 1999 VHS re-issue, and the subsequent DVD release in 2003, the outer package has been retitled Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark. However, the title in the film itself remains unchanged, even in the restored DVD print. The newer video boxes of the movie on VHS and DVD are titled in order to correlate with the film's prequel and sequel.
[edit] References
- ^ Hearn, Marcus (2005). The Cinema of George Lucas. New York City: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 80. ISBN 0-8109-4968-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k McBride, Joseph (1997). "Rehab", Steven Spielberg. New York City: Faber and Faber, 309-322. ISBN 0-571-19177-0.
- ^ a b Hearn, p.112-115
- ^ Hearn, p.122-123
- ^ "Raiders Of The Lost Ark", Empire, 2006-09-29, pp. 72-82.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Hearn, p.127-134
- ^ "Raiders Opening Salvo", Empire, 2006-09-29, pp. 75.
- ^ Indiana Jones: Making the Trilogy (DVD). Paramount Pictures.
- ^ Facts and trivia of the Lost Ark. Official website (2003-10-14). Retrieved on March 11, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Marco Fromter (2006-08-18). Around the World with Indiana Jones. Official Website. Retrieved on March 11, 2007.
- ^ The Urban Legends of Indiana Jones. Official website (2004-01-13). Retrieved on March 11, 2007.
- ^ Twenty-Five Reasons to Watch Raiders Again. Official website (2006-06-12). Retrieved on March 11, 2007.
- ^ John Williams. (2003). The Music of Indiana Jones (DVD). Paramount Pictures.
- ^ Hats off to Indy: The Many Awards of Indiana Jones. Official website (2006-02-24). Retrieved on March 11, 2007.
- ^ Harry Knowles. "RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK shot-for-shot teenage remake review!!!", Ain't It Cool News, 2003-05-31. Retrieved on March 11, 2007.
- ^ Quotes on The Adaptation. The Indy Experience. Retrieved on March 11, 2007.
- ^ Sarah Hepola. "Lost Ark Resurrected", Austin Chronicle, 2003-05-30. Retrieved on March 11, 2007.
- ^ Harry Knowles. "Sometimes, The Good Guys Win!!! RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK shot for shot filmmakers' life to be MOVIE!!!", Ain't It Cool News, 2004-02-26. Retrieved on March 11, 2007.
[edit] External links
- IndianaJones.com, Lucasfilm's official Indiana Jones site
- Raiders of the Lost Ark at the Internet Movie Database
- Raiders of the Lost Ark at Rotten Tomatoes
- Raiders of the Lost Ark at Box Office Mojo
- IndyGear.com, information and discussion on the official costume
- The Indiana Jones Wiki, Indiana Jones fansite
- Karen Allen: An ACME Page - includes a Raiders page
- Roger Ebert's Raiders of the Lost Ark review
- Interview with Richard Anderson about the Sound Design and Sound Editing of Raiders
- The Spoilers Alternate DVD Commentary of Raiders of the Lost Ark with Jonathan Coulton
- TheRaider.net Making Of article
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| Films | Raiders of the Lost Ark • The Temple of Doom • The Last Crusade • Indiana Jones 4 |
| Television | The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles |
| Characters | Indiana Jones • Willie Scott • Marion Ravenwood • Elsa Schneider Marcus Brody • Sallah • Short Round • Henry Jones, Sr. • Walter Donovan • Rene Belloq • Colonel Dietrich • Arnold Toht • Colonel Vogel • Mola Ram • Club Obi-Wan Triad |
| Cast | Harrison Ford • Sean Connery • Corey Carrier • Sean Patrick Flanery George Hall • River Phoenix • John Rhys-Davies • Denholm Elliott • Julian Glover • Wolf Kahler • Ronald Lacey • Paul Freeman • Amrish Puri • Michael Byrne |
| Crew | George Lucas • Steven Spielberg • Frank Marshall • John Williams |
Duel • The Sugarland Express • Jaws • Close Encounters of the Third Kind • 1941 • Raiders of the Lost Ark • E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial • Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom • The Color Purple • Empire of the Sun • Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade • Always • Hook • Jurassic Park • Schindler's List • The Lost World: Jurassic Park • Amistad • Saving Private Ryan • Artificial Intelligence: AI • Minority Report • Catch Me if You Can • The Terminal • War of the Worlds • Munich • Indiana Jones 4 • Lincoln • Interstellar
