Wikiproyecto:Automovilismo/Incubadora/Fórmula 3000
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La Fórmula 3000 era una competición automovilística de fórmulas existente desde 1985 hasta 2004. Fue reemplazado por la GP2 Series en 2005.
En 1985, la Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) creó el campeonato de Fórmula 3000 para que fuera el último paso para los pilotos que querían correr en la Fórmula 1. La Fórmula 2 se había vuelto muy cara, y estaba dominada por vehículos works-run con motores de fábrica; el objetivo era que la Fórmula 3000 ofreciera carreras más rápidas, baratas y abiertas.
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[editar] Motores
La Fórmula 3000 reemplazó a la Fórmula 2, y fue llamada así porque los motores que se usaron inicialmente eran Cosworth DFV 3.0 L (3000 cc) que se quedaron obsoletos en la Fórmula 1 debido al cambio en el reglamento. Se observó que Bernie Ecclestone había comprado un lote de DFV a Cosworth en 1984, sin (en ese momento) ningún uso previsto para ellos.
Las reglas permitían cualquier motor V8 90º, adaptado con un limitador de revoluciones para mantener la salida de potencia bajo control. Así como el Cosworth, un motor de Honda basado en un Indy V8 de Judd hizo aparición, el rumoreado Lamborghini V8 nunca corrió. En los siguientes años, el Mugen-Honda V8 se convirtió en el motor a tener, eclipsando así al Cosworth DFV. Cosworth respondió con el nuevo motor AC. Los costes, no como en las competiciones senior, se estaban yendo de las manos.
[editar] Chasis
Los primeros chasis fueron unos March y Ralt desorrollados sobre unos chasis de 1984 de la Formula 2, cuando Lola entró, basó sus chasis en las de la Indycar. A few smaller teams tried obsolete three-litre Formula 1 cars (from Tyrrell, Williams, Minardi and RAM), with little success -- the Grand Prix and Indycar-derived entries were too unwieldy - their fuel tanks were about twice the size of those needed for F3000 races, and the weight distribution was not ideal. The first few years of the championship saw March establishing a superiority over Ralt and Lola - there was little to choose between the chassis, but more Marches were sold and ended up in better hands. The form book was rewritten in 1988 with the entry of the ambitious Reynard marque with a brand new chassis; Reynard had won their first race in every formula they'd entered. This would continue in F3000. The next couple of years saw Lola improve slightly (at one point their car was so bad that Jean Mosnier's works Lola team bought Reynards) and March slip, but both were crushed by the Reynard teams and by the mid-90s, F3000 was a virtual Reynard monopoly, although Lola did eventually return with a promising car and the Japanese Footwork and Dome chassis were seen in Europe. Dallara briefly tried the series before moving up to Formula One, and AGS moved up from Formula Two but never recaptured their occasional success. At least one unraced F3000 chassis existed - the Wagner fitted with a straight-six short-stroke BMW. This was converted into a sports car, however.
El primer chasis de March y Ralt estaban desarrollados a partir de sus antiguos diseños de Fórmula 2 de la temporada 1984, aunque la entrada de Lola tuvo unos monoplazas muy parecidos a los Indycar. Unos pocos equipos usaron los obsoletos Fórmula 1 de 3 litros (de Tyrrel, Williams, Minardi y RAM Racing
[editar] Politics
The series was not without controversy. Definitive rules for the 1985 season did not appear until the championship was well under way. In 1987 questions were asked about the ability of some of the drivers, given the high number of accidents in the formula. In 1989 the eligibility of the new Reynard chassis was challenged - it was raced with a different (but safer) nose to the one that had been crash tested. This season also saw problems with driver changes - the cost of F3000 was escalating to the point that teams were finding it difficult to run drivers for a whole season. A badly-implemented "two driver changes per car per season" rule meant that some cars had to sit idle while drivers with budgets couldn't race them (rather than allowing two drivers to share a drive through the season on a race-by-race basis, teams could only change the driver of any entry twice in a year). In 1991 the performance of some Italian teams attracted attention - they had started using AGIP's "jungle juice" Formula One fuel, worth an estimated 15 bhp -- giving their drivers a significant advantage. In the early years of the formula there was much concern about safety, with a high number of accidents resulting in injuries to drivers and, unfortunately, one fatality in the European championship - Marco Campos in the very last round of the 1995 series.
[editar] Races
Formula 3000 races during the "open chassis" era tended to be of about 100-120 miles in distance, held at major circuits, either headlining meetings or paired with other international events. The "jewel in the crown" of the F3000 season was traditionally the Pau Grand Prix street race, rivalled for a few years by the Birmingham round. Most major circuits in France, Italy, Spain, Germany and the United Kingdom saw the series visit at least once.
[editar] Other F3000 series
A small British Formula 3000 series ran for several years in the late 1980s and early 1990s, usually using year-old cars. An Italian series has now evolved into a second-level European one, running the previous generation of spec Lolas. The American Racing Series, a predecessor of Indy Lights, ran with March F3000 chassis (called Wildcats) and Buick V6 engines, before turning to Lolas some years later.
Japan persisted with Formula Two rules for a couple of years after the demise of F2 in Europe, but then adopted basically F3000 rules as Formula Nippon. The Formula Nippon series, unlike European F3000, featured a lot of competition between tyre companies, and tended to feature highly-paid drivers (both local and European) in cars that tended to be more developed and tested than those in the European series. The Mugen engine dominated this series, and was also extremely competitive in European F3000.
The European series remained unchanged for about a decade, but increasing costs meant the popularity of the series was waning by the mid 1990s.
[editar] The spec-chassis years
In 1996, new rules were introduced. These introduced a single engine (a detuned Judd V8 engine, re-engineered by and badged as a Zytek) and chassis (Lola), to go along with tyre standardization (Avon) introduced a number of years earlier. The following year the calendar was combined with that of Formula One, so the series became support races for the Grand Prix. Several Grand Prix teams established formal links with F3000 teams to develop young drivers (and engineering talent); these relationships varied from formal "junior teams" (such as the one McLaren set up for Nick Heidfeld) to fairly distant relationships based mostly upon shared sponsors and the use of the 'parent' team's name. The series grew dramatically through the late nineties, reaching an entry of nearly 40 cars - although this in itself was problematic as it meant many drivers failed to qualify. In 2000, the series was restricted to 15 teams of two cars each.
However, by 2002 expenses were once more very high and the number of entries (and sponsors!) rapidly dwindled. Formula 3000 was experiencing tough competition with cheaper formulae, such as European F3000 (using ex-FIA 1999 and 2002 Lola chassis), World Series by Nissan (also known as Formula Nissan) and Formula Renault V6 Eurocup, as well as the North American CART series. While drivers from these series such as Juan Pablo Montoya (CART), Cristiano da Matta (CART), and Felipe Massa (EF3000) found top rides in Formula One, the F3000 drivers seemed to have inordinate difficulty in moving onwards. By the end of 2003, car counts had fallen to new lows.
The 2004 season was the last F3000 campaign, due in part to dwindling field sizes. In 2005 it was replaced with a new series known as GP2, with Renault backing.
[editar] Campeones
Los siguientes pilotos se han proclamado campeones de Fórmula 3000:
| Temporada | Piloto | Equipo / Coche | Poles | Victorias | Podios | Vueltas rápidas |
Puntos | Confirmado | Margen (puntos) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1985 |  Christian Danner |
BS Automotive March-Cosworth |
2 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 52 | Carrera ?? de ?? | 7 |
| 1986 |  Ivan Capelli |
Genoa March-Cosworth |
3 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 39 | Carrera ?? de ?? | 7 |
| 1987 | Stefano Modena |
Onyx March-Cosworth |
0 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 41 | Carrera ?? de ?? | 8 |
| 1988 |  Roberto Moreno |
Bromley Motorsport Reynard-Cosworth |
3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 43 | Carrera ?? de ?? | 9 |
| 1989 |  Jean Alesi |
Eddie Jordan Racing Reynard-Cosworth |
2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 39 | Carrera ?? de ?? | 0 |
| 1990 | Érik Comas |
DAMS Lola-Mugen |
3 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 51 | Carrera ?? de ?? | 21 |
| 1991 | Christian Fittipaldi |
Pacific Racing Reynard-Mugen |
4 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 47 | Carrera ?? de ?? | 5 |
| 1992 | Luca Badoer |
Crypton Engineering Reynard-Cosworth |
5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 46 | Carrera ?? de ?? | 12 |
| 1993 | Olivier Panis |
DAMS Reynard-Cosworth |
2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 32 | Carrera ?? de ?? | 1 |
| 1994 | Jean-Christophe Boullion |
DAMS Reynard-Cosworth |
0 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 36 | Carrera ?? de ?? | 2 |
| 1995 | Vincenzo Sospiri |
Super Nova Racing Reynard-Cosworth |
0 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 42 | Carrera ?? de ?? | 13 |
| 1996 | Jörg Müller |
RSM Marko Lola-Zytek |
2 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 52 | Carrera ?? de ?? | 26 |
| 1997 | Ricardo Zonta |
Super Nova Racing Lola-Zytek |
4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 39 | Carrera ?? de ?? | 1.5 |
| 1998 |  Juan Pablo Montoya |
Super Nova Racing Lola-Zytek |
7 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 65 | Carrera ?? de ?? | 7 |
| 1999 | Nick Heidfeld |
West Competition Lola-Zytek |
4 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 59 | Carrera ?? de ?? | 29 |
| 2000 | Bruno Junqueira |
Petrobras Lola-Zytek |
2 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 48 | Carrera 10 de 10 | 3 |
| 2001 |  Justin Wilson |
Nordic Racing Lola-Zytek |
2 | 3 | 10 | 1 | 71 | Carrera 10 de 12 | 32 |
| 2002 | Sébastien Bourdais |
Super Nova Racing Lola-Zytek |
6 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 56 | Carrera 12 de 12 | 2 |
| 2003 |  Björn Wirdheim |
Arden International Lola-Zytek |
5 | 3 | 9 | 7 | 78 | Carrera 8 de 10 | 35 |
| 2004 | Vitantonio Liuzzi |
Arden International Lola-Zytek |
9 | 7 | 9 | 3 | 86 | Carrera 9 de 10 | 30 |
Cuatro campeones de Fórmula 3000 no llegaron jamás a una carrera de Fórmula 1: Bourdais, Junqueira y Wirdheim corrieron en Champ Cars. Müller es ahora piloto de BMW en la WTCC después de haber sido piloto de pruebas para el proyecto de Fórmula 1 BMW-WilliamsF1 en 1999 así como piloto del ganador de Le Mans BMW V12. Sospiri intentó clasificar para una carrera, pero no lo consiguió, habiendo corrido para un equipo muy poco preparado y con un pobre equipamiento. Wirdheim fue el tercer piloto en los entrenamientos libres para Jaguar Racing, pero nunca participó en una carrera.
Tres de ellos han ganado un Gran Premio de Fórmula 1: Alesi, Panis y Montoya (quien también ganó las 500 millas de Indianápolis una vez). Ningún campeón de Fórmula 2 o Fórmula 3000 se convirtió en Campeón del Mundo (Alberto Ascari ganó el Campeonato del Mundo dos años cuando todas las carreras puntuables aparte de la Indy 500 eran para la Fórmula 2)
Categoría:Competiciones de automovilismo
cs:Formule 3000 de:Formel 3000 en:Formula 3000 fi:Formula 3000 fr:Formule 3000 it:Formula 3000 ja:フォーミュラ3000 pt:Fórmula 3000 sv:Formel 3000 zh:F3000賽車
