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性别

维基百科,自由的百科全书

附註:翻譯主要來源為維基百科英文版的Sex條目。



生物中有許多物種可以劃分成兩個或兩個以上的種類,稱之為性別。這些不同的性別個體會互相補足結合彼此的基因,以繁衍後代,這種過程稱為繁殖。典型的情況下,一個物種會有兩種性別:雄性雌性。雌性被界定為生產較大配子(gamete,也就是生殖細胞)的那一方。因此,性別的種類是依據個體在其生命週期某段時間中能夠執行的生殖功能來決定。

因為這個是生物學意義之下的定義,又稱為生物性別生理性別,另外有與身分認同比較有關的社會性別

目录

[编辑] 菌類與植物中的性別

[编辑] 動物中的性別

主条目:Animal sexuality和Mating system

Animal sexual behavior takes many different forms, even within the same species. Researchers have observed monogamy, promiscuity, sex between species, sexual arousal from objects or places, rape, necrophilia, sexual orientation (heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality and situational sexual behaviour) and a range of other practices among animals other than humans. Related studies have noted diversity in sexed bodies and gendered behaviour, such as intersex and transgender animals.

The study of animal sexuality (and primate sexuality especially) is a rapidly developing field. It used to be believed that only humans and a handful of species performed sexual acts other than for procreation, and that animals' sexuality was instinctive and a simple response to the "right" stimulation (sight, scent). Current understanding is that many species believed monogamous have now been proven to be promiscuous or opportunistic in nature, a wide range of species appear to both masturbate and to use objects as tools to help them do so, in many species animals try to give and get sexual stimulation with others where procreation is not the aim, and homosexual behavior has now been observed among 1,500 species, and in 500 of those it is well documented.

There are species that have 3, 4 or 5 sexes. For example:

  • the clam shrimp Eulimnadia texana has three sexes, that is, it is a triploid organism.[1]
  • harvester ant genus Pogonomyrmex has three sexes[2] or maybe four sexes[3]
  • the reptile tuatara might have four sexes [1]
  • Coprinus macrorhizus (Pers.) Rea might have three or four sexes [2]
  • Coprinus lagopus has four sexes [3]
  • Fausto-Sterling proposes that there are five sexes of humans [4][4]
  • Other species have exhibited evidence of 5 sexes [5]

[编辑] 人類的性別

定義的層面 女性 男性
生物層面
第一性徵
平常的性染色體 人類的XX染色體 人類的XY染色體
平常的生殖腺 卵巢 睾丸
平常的外生殖器構造 陰蒂頭陰唇陰戶陰蒂包皮尿道口 陰莖陰囊包皮尿道口
平常的內生殖器構造 陰蒂陰道子宮輸卵管卵巢 海綿體、尿道前列腺儲精囊睾丸
第二性徵
平常 乳房月經,「8」字形身材,身高較矮,體脂肪較多。 較多臉部與身體之體毛,三角形身材,身高較高,體脂肪較少。
平常兩性皆有 陰毛,掖毛
心理層面 (性別 (文化))
平常的指定性別 「這是個女孩。」 「這是個男孩。」
平常的養育性別 「你是個女孩。」 「你是個男孩。」
平常的性別認同 「我是個女孩/女人。」 「我是個男孩/男人。」
平常的性別角色 陰柔」的社會行為 陽剛」的社會行為
平常的性傾向 愛戀男性 愛戀女性

[编辑] 生物學上的失調

生物學上的失調包括性染色體生殖器官的性別不同,或者出生時有不能歸為雄性或雌性之生殖器官。請見雌雄同體

[编辑] 心理學、行為與文化上的失調

[编辑] 術語

[编辑] 法律、社會規範與喜好

法律或社會在性別方面的差別對待或歧視的形式包括性別分隔和性別歧視。特別是一些企業、公共機構、並且法律,往往為其中一種性別提供特權和服務,而不為另一種性別提供,有時他們要求不同的性別完全被分隔。

在性別理論(gender theory)來說,"heteronormativity" 指人類可分成兩種明確和互補的類別:男性和女性; 正常的性和婚姻關係只存在於不同的性別之間的兩個人之間; 並且各個性別在生活中有一定的性別角色

[编辑] 其他主題

[编辑] 外部連結與延伸閱讀

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