猫和老鼠
维基百科，自由的百科全书
zh-cn:猫和老鼠;zh-tw:湯姆與傑利;zh-hk:湯姆與謝利
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本條目正在從Tom and Jerry翻譯成中文。 歡迎您積極參與翻譯與修訂，目前已翻譯10%。 |
zh-cn:猫和老鼠;zh-tw:湯姆與傑利;zh-hk:湯姆與謝利（Tom and Jerry，又作汤姆和杰瑞，台灣電視公司1970年代播出時曾經稱作“妙妙妙”），是由汤姆猫和杰瑞老鼠搭档出演的一部成功的短篇动画剧集。动画片的编剧和导演分别由威廉·翰纳和约瑟夫·巴巴拉（后以翰纳-巴巴拉闻名）担任。从1940年到1958年，直到好莱坞米高梅公司的动画部门被关闭前，动画剧集都由该公司所出品。米高梅公司于1960年将《zh-cn:猫和老鼠;zh-tw:湯姆與傑利》的制作外包给了东欧的伦布兰特电影公司（由吉恩·代彻所领导）。1963年，《zh-cn:猫和老鼠;zh-tw:湯姆與傑利》又返回了好莱坞制作公司，由查克·琼斯的 Sib-Tower 12出品担纲制作；这部动画剧集一直播放到了1967年。后来《zh-cn:猫和老鼠;zh-tw:湯姆與傑利》又重新回到了荧幕，分别由翰纳-巴巴拉（1975—1977，1990—1993）飞美逊工作室（1980—1982）制作。到了2004年，華納兄弟亦做了現代版的湯姆與傑利，以三個小故事為一集。
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[编辑] 情节安排
每一出短片大都从汤姆猫为抓到杰瑞老鼠的失败尝试开始，随之而来的是各式各样的破坏及毁灭。但是在某些动画短片中他们却完全可以融洽地相处（至少在大约头一分钟是这样），天知道他们怎么会如此不计后果地追逐。也许有以下的一些原因吧：
- 猫的正常食欲
- 猫的责任（经常是汤姆的工作，因为他是一只家猫，不抓耗子只能做流浪猫）
- 能享受到折磨对方的快乐
- 复仇
- 误会（特别是在那些一开始他们相互矛盾或友好的戏中）
- 当他们想要同样东西（通常是食物）时爆发的冲突
- 让杰瑞老鼠不碍事的强烈需要
汤姆几乎没有战胜过杰瑞，主要是因为老鼠的狡猾诡诈，当然我们都知道猫自己的愚蠢也尽了一臂之力。往往只有在杰瑞成为煽动者或超越某些底线时，汤姆才得以击败杰瑞；杰瑞的狡猾则源于自卫的需要（这有点像兔八哥）。但是，它们也不时地联合起来：一方去营救另一方，或对抗共同的敌人。《zh-cn:猫和老鼠;zh-tw:湯姆與傑利》系列短片之所以如此地风靡世界，下列极具破坏效果的过瘾场面或许功不可没：杰瑞把汤姆切成了两半，汤姆用尽了包括斧头、手枪、来福枪、炸药甚至毒药等等来试图干掉杰瑞，杰瑞把猫的尾巴塞进了对开式铁心里面，等等。
汤姆和杰瑞在短片里很少说话，当然也有例外，但他们通常都只会发出痛苦的嚎叫（往往都是倒霉的汤姆），或紧张地吞口水。面部表情以及肢体语言的诠释已经很容易并且很好地将主角的感受以及目的传达了出来。汤姆偶尔会展现他惊为天人的歌喉（模仿某些著名的歌手），通常是为了钓女仔，结果却总是“惨不忍闻”的——你会感觉一只老猫在深夜尖叫。
音乐在短片里扮演了非常重要的角色，即强调了动作及传达适当的情感。音乐导演斯科特·布拉德利创造出的多元音乐通常融合了古典、爵士和流行音乐；布拉德利经常采用当代的流行歌曲，有时也改编米高梅公司的电影原声诸如《绿野仙踪》（1993年）和《青春乐》。
1953年以前，所有的《zh-cn:猫和老鼠;zh-tw:湯姆與傑利》动画均以学院比例格式制作；在1953年到1956年间，一部分动画同时制作了学院格式和宽银幕 CinemaScope 格式两个版本。从1956年到MGM关闭动画部门的第二年间，所有的《zh-cn:猫和老鼠;zh-tw:湯姆與傑利》动画均以 CinemaScope 格式制作；一部分动画甚至采用了立体声效果。20世纪60年代，吉恩·代彻和查克·琼斯制作的短片均采用学院格式，但是亦包含有为兼容学院宽银幕格式而制作的动画画面。所有的翰纳-巴巴拉版动画均以三色带Technicolor格式制作；60年代的动画以Metrocolor方式制作。
[编辑] 角色
[编辑] 汤姆和杰瑞
在短片中，汤姆往往以一只被主人娇坏了的灰色（有时是蓝灰色或灰蓝色，它的皮毛颜色最接近于俄罗斯蓝猫）家猫形象出现，杰瑞是一只常常和汤姆作邻居的棕色小老鼠。汤姆易怒而敏感，杰瑞则独立且投机。精力过剩而顽固的汤姆通常被拥有聪明大脑的杰瑞算计。在每集动画片的结尾，杰瑞常被表现为洋洋得意的胜利者，汤姆则是悲壮的失败者。但是，也有可能出现以下结局：在很少的时候，汤姆会获得胜利。有些时候，颇具讽刺意味的是，他们都失败了。偶尔时，特别是在圣诞节，汤姆往往在事实上救了杰瑞的命，或者与杰瑞分享礼物。在至少一部动画中，它们每日的追逐被描绘为一种互相享受的例行公事：在一个情节中，汤姆被一只母猫所吸引，嫉妒的杰瑞不断地破坏他们的浪漫情节，希望汤姆能看清母猫的真面目。汤姆最后感激地与杰瑞握手——然后又开始了他们永无止境的追逐。
动画中，两个角色都被表现为有虐待倾向，让对方感到痛苦都能让他们感受到愉悦。但是，和杰瑞不同的是，汤姆有着非常强大的良心，如果他认为杰瑞受了重伤、垂死或死亡了，他会惊慌失措。杰瑞有时会利用这一点来取得优势。
汤姆偶尔也会取胜，或者在最后与杰瑞达成妥协条件。例如，汤姆往往会在这些时候取胜：
- 杰瑞对汤姆的一些举动采取了过分热心和不必要的响应
- 杰瑞通过一系列事件来刺激汤姆，而不是汤姆主动“袭击”杰瑞（例如：在一集动画中，杰瑞和一只不知名的老鼠不断制造出一些“事故”，以让汤姆相信他会在睡梦中下意识地伤害自己而取乐。在动画的最后，两只老鼠终于被“绳之以法”，汤姆赢回了他美好的午觉）
- 在片中汤姆处于被动的时候
这对欢喜冤家有时候也会互相帮助，比如：
- 杰瑞救汤姆摆脱非难（一般是较为严重的情况下，如：溺水或签证过期）
- 当他们在大敌当前的情况下也会站在统一战线上(但是汤姆极度生性多疑，他有时也会反戈一击，如果他觉得杰瑞可能会给他带来麻烦的话。)
- 汤姆有时会开些非恶意的玩笑或者摆出事不关己的样子，一旁欣赏风景。
- 他们也会尽力去保护什么东西，比如婴儿。
- Tom is wrongfully punished for something that didn't involve Jerry
On occasion, the two will both lose, which may occur if:
- Jerry's final trap/plan has a possibility of humorously backfiring
- Jerry overlooks something in the course of the fighting
- Spike is involved, and is in one of his moods where he will attack anything, even Jerry
Although many supporting and minor characters speak, Tom and Jerry rarely do so. Tom, most famously, sings while wooing female cats; for example, he lip-syncs Louis Jordan's "Is You Is Or Is You Ain't My Baby" in the 1946 short Solid Serenade. His most noted spoken line occurs in three different shorts where Tom clearly says in an eerie, echoing voice "don't you believe it". Co-director William Hanna provides most of the squeaks, gasps, and other vocal effects for the pair, including the most famous sound effect from the series, Tom's leather-lunged scream (created by recording Hanna's scream and chopping the head and tail off of the recording, leaving only the strongest part of the scream on the soundtrack).
[编辑] 其他角色
In his attempts to catch Jerry, Tom often has to deal with the intrusions of characters such as Butch, a scruffy black alley cat who also wants to catch and eat Jerry; Spike (sometimes billed as "Killer"), a vicious guard bulldog; and "Mammy-Two-Shoes", Tom's African American owner (voiced by Lillian Randolph), who usually wallops the cat with a broom when he misbehaves.
In the late 1940s, Jerry adopted a little grey mouse foundling named Nibbles (also known as "Tuffy"). During the 1950s Spike is shown to have a son of his own named Tyke, an addition that lead to both a slight softening of Spike's character and a short-lived spin-off theatrical series (Spike and Tyke).
[编辑] 历史和发展
[编辑] 翰纳-巴巴拉时期
William Hanna and Joseph Barbera were both part of the Rudolf Ising unit at MGM's animation studio in late 1930s. Barbera, a storyman and character designer, was paired with Hanna, an experienced director, to start directing films for the Ising unit; the first of which was a cat-and-mouse cartoon called Puss Gets the Boot (completed in late 1939, and released to theatres on February 20, 1940), Puss Gets The Boot centers around Jasper, a grey tabby cat trying to catch Jinx, a cute little mouse, but without breaking anything; Jasper's owner Mammy has threatened to throw Jasper out ("O-U-W-T, out!") if he breaks one more thing in the house. Naturally, Jinx uses this to his advantage, and begins tossing wine glasses, ceramic plates, tea pots, and any and everything fragile, so that Jasper will get thrown outside. Puss Gets The Boot was previewed and released without fanfare, and Hanna and Barbera went on to direct other (non-cat-and-mouse related) shorts; after all, said many of the MGM staffers, haven't there been enough cat-and-mouse cartoons already?
The pessimistic attitude towards Jasper and Jinx changed when the cartoon became a favorite with theatre owners and with the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, which nominated the film for the Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons of 1941. Another competitor for the award was Tex Avery's Merrie Melodies cartoon A Wild Hare, which featured the first appearance of the mature form of Bugs Bunny. Both nominees lost to another MGM cartoon, Rudolph Ising's The Milky Way.
However producer Fred Quimby, who ran the MGM animation studio, quickly pulled Hanna and Barbera off of the other one-shot cartoons they were working on, and commissioned a series featuring the cat and mouse. Hanna and Barbera held an intra-studio contest to give the pair a new name; animator John Carr won with his suggestion of "Tom and Jerry." The Tom and Jerry series went into production with The Midnight Snack in 1941, and Hanna and Barbera never helmed anything but the cat-and-mouse cartoons for the rest of their tenure at MGM.
Tom's physical appearance evolved significantly over the years. During the early 1940s, Tom had an excess of detail--shaggy fur, numerous facial wrinkles, and multiple eyebrow markings--all of which were streamlined into a more workable form by the end of the 1940s; Jerry stayed essentially the same for the duration of the series. By the mid-1940s, the series had developed a quicker, more energetic (and violent) tone, thanks to inspiration from the work of MGM Animation colleague Tex Avery, who joined the studio in 1942.
Even though the basic theme of each short is virtually the same, Hanna and Barbera found endless variations on that theme. Barbera's storyboards and rough layouts and designs, combined with Hanna's timing, resulted in the most popular, successful, and highly acclaimed series the MGM animation department ever had. 13 entries in the Tom and Jerry series (excluding Puss Gets The Boot) were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons; seven of them went on to win the Academy Award, breaking the Disney studio's winning streak in that category. Tom and Jerry won more Academy Awards than any other character-based theatrical animated series.
Tom and Jerry remained popular throughout their original theatrical run, even when the budgets began to tighten a little in the 1950s and the pace of the shorts slowed slightly. However, after television became popular in the 1950s, box office revenues decreased for theatrical films, and short subjects. At first, MGM combated this by going to all-CinemaScope production on the series; but after the MGM accountants realized that their re-releases of the older shorts brought in just as much revenue as the new films, the studio executives decided, much to the surprise of the staff, to close the animation studio. The MGM animation department was shut down in 1957, and the final of the 115 Hanna and Barbera Tom and Jerry shorts, Tot Watchers, was released on August 1, 1958. Hanna and Barbera started their own television animation studio, Hanna-Barbera Productions, in 1957, which went on to produce such popular shows as The Flintstones, The Jetsons, and Scooby-Doo.
[编辑] 吉恩·代彻时代
In 1960, MGM decided that they wanted to produce new Tom and Jerry shorts again, and had producer William Snyder make an arrangement with Czech animation director Gene Deitch and Deitch's studio, Rembrandt Films, to make the films overseas in Prague, Czechoslovakia. Since the Deitch/Snyder team only saw a handful of the original Tom and Jerry shorts, the films that resulted from the arrangement were considered unusual and, in many ways, bizarre. The Deitch/Snyder team turned out 13 shorts, all released in 1961 and 1962, which are generally considered as being the worst of the theatrical shorts.
[编辑] 查克·琼斯时代
After the last of the Deitch cartoons were released, MGM turned to American director Chuck Jones, who had just ended his thirty-plus year tenure at the Warner Bros. Animation Department and started his own animation studio, Sib Tower 12 Productions, with partner Les Goldman. Jones and Goldman went on to produce 34 more Tom and Jerry shorts starting in 1963, all of which carried Jones' distinctive style (and a slight psychedelic influence), but with varying degrees of critical success. MGM ceased production of animated shorts in 1967, by which time Sib Tower 12 had become part of MGM, and Jones had already begun to move on to television specials and the feature film The Phantom Tollbooth.
[编辑] 現代（2004年）
[编辑] 汤姆和杰瑞冲击荧幕
Beginning in 1965, the Hanna and Barbera Tom and Jerry films began to appear on television in heavily edited form: the Jones team was required to take the shorts that featured Mammy, rotoscope her out, and replace her with a thin white woman. Lillian Randolph's original voice tracks were replaced with June Foray performing in an Irish accent. Much of the extreme violence in the cartoons was also edited out. Starting out on CBS' Saturday Morning schedule on September 25 1965, Tom and Jerry moved to CBS Sundays two years later and remained there until September 17 1972.
When shown on television in the United Kingdom (from the late 1960s, usually on the BBC) Tom and Jerry cartoons were not cut for violence and Mammy was retained. As well as having regular slots, Tom and Jerry served the BBC in another way. When faced with disruption to the schedules (such as those occurring when live broadcasts overrun), the BBC would invariably turn to Tom and Jerry to fill any gaps, confident that it would retain much of an audience that might otherwise channel hop.
In 1975, Tom and Jerry were reunited with Hanna and Barbera, who produced new Tom and Jerry cartoons for Saturday morning. These 48 7-minute short cartoons were paired with Grape Ape and Mumbly cartoons, to create The New Tom & Jerry/Grape Ape Show, The Tom & Jerry/Grape Ape/Mumbly Show, and The Tom & Jerry/Mumbly Show, all of which ran on ABC Saturday Morning from September 6 1975 to September 3 1977. In these cartoons, Tom and Jerry (with red bow tie), who had been enemies during their formative years, became nonviolent pals who went on adventures together, as H-B had to meet the stringent rules against violence for children's TV.
In 1980, Filmation Studios (in association with MGM Television) also tried their hands at producing a Tom and Jerry TV cartoon series, this one called The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show and also featuring new cartoons starring MGM cartoon star Droopy, and supporting characters such as Spike and Barney Bear, not seen since the original MGM productions. Although they returned Tom and Jerry to the original chase formula, the Filmation cartoons were of noticeably lesser quality than Hanna-Barbera's efforts; this incarnation lasted on CBS Saturday Morning from September 6 1980 to September 4 1982.
One of the biggest trends for Saturday morning television in the 1980s and 1990s was the "babyfication" of older, classic cartoon stars, and on September 8, 1990, Tom and Jerry Kids Show, produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions in association with Turner Entertainment, debuted on FOX, featuring a youthful version of the famous cat-and-mouse duo chasing each other. Spike and Tyke, and Droopy and his son Dripple, appeared in back-up segments for the show, which ran until October 2 1993.
[编辑] 汤姆和杰瑞的新主人
In 1986, MGM was purchased by Ted Turner. Turner sold the company in 1988, but retained MGM's film library, thus Tom and Jerry became the property of Turner Entertainment (where the rights stand today via Warner Bros.), and have in subsequent years appeared on Turner-run stations, such as TBS, TNT, Cartoon Network, Boomerang, and Turner Classic Movies.
[编辑] 长片
In 1945, Jerry made an appearance in the live-action MGM musical feature film Anchors Aweigh, in which, through the use of special effects, he performs a dance routine with Gene Kelly. In this sequence, Gene Kelly is telling a class of school kids a fictional tale of how he earned his medal of honor. Jerry is the king of a magical world populated with cartoon animals, whom he has forbidden to dance as he himself does not know how. Gene Kelly's character then comes along and guides Jerry through an elaborate dance routine, resulting in Jerry awarding him with a medal. Jerry speaks and sings in this film; his voice is performed by Sara Berner. Tom has a cameo in the sequence as one of Jerry's servants.
Both Tom and Jerry appear with Esther Williams in a dream sequence in another MGM musical, Dangerous When Wet (1953). In the film, Tom and Jerry are chasing each other underwater, when they run into Esther Williams, with whom they do an extended synchronized swimming routine. Tom and Jerry have to save Esther from a lecherous octopus, who tries to lure and woo Esther into his (many) arms.
1992 saw the overseas release of Tom and Jerry: The Movie, produced by Film Roman, was released to United States theatres in 1993. A musical in the typical Disney-esque vein, Tom and Jerry: The Movie was criticized by reviewers and audiences alike for being unoriginal, predictable, and for giving Tom and Jerry dialogue (and songs) through the entire film. The movie did poor business in America. In 2001, Warner Bros. which had by then merged with Turner and assumed its properties, released the direct-to-video movie Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring, in which Tom covets a ring which grants mystical powers to the wearer, and has become accidently stuck on Jerry's head. Four years later, Bill Kopp wrote and directed two more feature films for Warner Brothers: Tom & Jerry Blast Off To Mars and The Fast and The Furry, the latter one based on a story by Joseph Barbera. Both were released on DVD in 2005.
[编辑] 其他媒介
Tom and Jerry began appearing in comic books in 1942, as one of the features in Our Gang Comics. In 1949, with MGM's live-action Our Gang shorts long out of production, the series was renamed Tom and Jerry Comics. The pair continued to appear in various books for the rest of the 20th century.
The pair have also appeared in a number of video games as well, including:
- Tom and Jerry for Nintendo Entertainment System
- Tom and Jerry: The Movie for Sega Genesis
- Tom and Jerry for Super Nintendo
- Tom and Jerry: Mouse Attacks for Game Boy Color
- Tom and Jerry: Infurnal Escape for the Game Boy Advance
- Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring for the Game Boy Advance
- Tom and Jerry: War of the Whiskers for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Nintendo GameCube
- Tom and Jerry: House Trap for the PlayStation
In the Philippines, residents sometimes call the cartoon series Wowowee.
[编辑] 奥斯卡获奖短片
The following cartoons won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons:
- 1943: The Yankee Doodle Mouse
- 1944: Mouse Trouble
- 1945: Quiet, Please!
- 1946: The Cat Concerto
- 1948: The Little Orphan
- 1952: The Two Mouseketeers
- 1953: Johann Mouse see (Johann Strauss II)
These cartoons were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons, but did not win:
- 1940: Puss Gets the Boot (Jasper and Jinx)
- 1941: The Night Before Christmas
- 1947: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Mouse
- 1949: Hatch Up Your Troubles
- 1951: Jerry's Cousin
- 1954: Touché, Pussy Cat!
[编辑] 比较
[编辑] 参考书目
- Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503759-6.
- Maltin, Leonard (180, updated 1987). Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-452-25993-2.
