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维基百科,自由的百科全书
雷暴是一種產生閃電åŠé›·è²çš„自然天氣ç¾è±¡ã€‚它通常伴隨著滂沱大雨或冰雹,而在冬å£æ™‚甚至會隨暴風雪而來。
é›·æš´å¯ä»¥åœ¨ä¸–界任何地方發生,什至發生在兩極地帶,但通常在熱帶雨林地å€æœƒè¼ƒé »ç¹åœ°ç™¼ç”Ÿã€‚在溫帶地å€ï¼Œé›·æš´å‰‡é€šå¸¸æœƒåœ¨å¤å£ç™¼ç”Ÿã€‚除了在çƒå¹²é”åŠå°å°¼ç‚ºå…¨ä¸–ç•Œæœ‰é›·æš´ç™¼ç”Ÿçš„æœ€é »ç¹åœ°æ–¹å¤–,在美國ä¸è¥¿éƒ¨åŠå—部州份會發生å¨åŠ›æœ€å¼·çƒˆçš„é›·æš´ï¼Œå› ç‚ºé€™äº›é›·æš´æœƒèˆ‡å†°é›¹æˆ–é¾æ²é¢¨ä¸€èµ·ç™¼ç”Ÿçš„。
雷暴會在大氣ä¸ç©©å®šæ™‚ç™¼ç”Ÿï¼Œä¸¦ä¸”æœƒè£½é€ å¤§é‡çš„雨水åŠå†°æ™¶ã€‚通常其發生有三種特定情æ³ï¸°åœ°çƒå¤§æ°£å±¤ä½Žç©ºå¸¶çš„濕度很高,這å¯ä»¥ç”±éœ²é»žæº«åº¦è§€å¯Ÿå¾—到;高空與低空的溫度差異極大,亦å³æ˜¯æ°£æº«éžæ¸›çŽ‡æ¥µå¤§ï¼›å†·é‹’å—到外力的逼迫而匯èšã€‚
在å¤è€çš„文明裡,雷暴有著極大的影響力。ä¸è«–是ä¸åœ‹å¤ä»£ã€å¤ç¾…馬或美洲å¤æ–‡æ˜Žçš†æœ‰èˆ‡é›·æš´ç›¸é—œçš„神話。
目录[éšè—] |
[编辑] 特點
雷暴共分為三種,分別為單細胞雷暴ã€å¤šç´°èƒžé›·æš´åŠè¶…ç´šç´°èƒžé›·æš´ä¸‰ç¨®ã€‚è€Œåˆ†è¾¨å®ƒå€‘çš„æ–¹æ³•æ˜¯æ ¹æ“šå¤§æ°£çš„ä¸ç©©å®šæ€§åŠä¸åŒå±¤æ¬¡è£¡çš„相å°é¢¨é€Ÿè€Œå®š(åƒçœ‹é¢¨åˆ‡è®Š)。
- 單細胞雷暴(Single cell storms)是在大氣ä¸ç©©å®šï¼Œä½†åªæœ‰å°‘é‡ç”šè‡³æ²’有風切變時發生。這些雷暴通常較為çŸæš«ï¼Œä¸æœƒæŒçºŒè¶…éŽ1å°æ™‚ã€‚åœ¨å¹³æ—¥äº¦æœ‰å¾ˆå¤šæ©Ÿæœƒçœ‹åˆ°é€™ç¨®é›·æš´ï¼Œå› æ¤äº¦è¢«ç¨±ç‚ºé™£é›·ã€‚
- 多細胞雷暴(Multicell storms)由多個單細胞雷暴所組æˆï¼Œæ˜¯å–®ç´°èƒžé›·æš´çš„進一æ¥ç™¼å±•è€Œæˆçš„ã€‚é€™æ™‚æœƒå› ç‚ºæ°£æµçš„æµå‹•è€Œå½¢æˆé™£é¢¨å¸¶ï¼Œé€™å€‹é™£é¢¨å¸¶å¯ä»¥å»¶ç¶¿æ•¸é‡Œï¼Œå¦‚æžœé¢¨é€ŸåŠ å¿«ã€å¤§æ°£å£“åŠ›åŠ å¤§åŠæº«åº¦ä¸‹é™ï¼Œé€™å€‹é™£é¢¨å¸¶æœƒè¶Šä¾†è¶Šå¤§ï¼Œä¸¦ä¸”å¹è¥²æ›´å¤§çš„å€åŸŸã€‚
- 超級細胞雷暴(Supercell storms)是在風切變極大時發生的,並由å„種ä¸åŒç¨‹åº¦çš„雷暴組æˆã€‚é€™ç¨®é›·æš´çš„ç ´å£žåŠ›æœ€å¤§ï¼Œä¸¦ä¸”æœ‰30%å¯èƒ½æ€§æœƒç”¢ç”Ÿé¾æ²é¢¨ã€‚
[编辑] 大雷雨
大雷雨為風速æ¯å°æ™‚90公里以上的雷暴。這些雷暴åŒæ¨£å¯ä»¥æœ‰é–ƒé›»åŠå‚æ²±å¤§é›¨ï¼Œä½†æ›´æ˜“é€ æˆæ´ªæ°´æ°¾æ¿«ï¼Œé™£é¢¨åŠé¾æ²é¢¨ï¼Œä½†å®šç¾©éš¨ä¸åŒåœ‹å®¶è€Œæœ‰æ‰€æ”¹è®Šã€‚
大雷雨å¯èƒ½æœƒèˆ‡è¶…級細胞雷暴åŠå…¶ä»–é›·æš´åŒæ™‚發生。
[编辑] 生命週期
雷暴的生命週期有三個階段,分別是ç©é›²éšŽæ®µã€æˆç†ŸéšŽæ®µåŠæ¶ˆäº¡éšŽæ®µã€‚
在ç©é›²éšŽæ®µï¼Œé›²è¼ƒå››å‘¨çš„ç©ºæ°£æš–å’Œï¼Œå› æ¤é›²å…§éƒ¨çš„ç©ºæ°£åŠ é€Ÿå‘上å‡ï¼Œä¸¦å¾ˆå¿«å‡åˆ°æº«åº¦é 低於å‡é»žçš„高度。所以四周大é‡çš„å°æ°´é»žã€å†°æ™¶æˆ–雪片å‘雲內匯èšï¼Œé€™æ™‚åªæœ‰ä¸æ–·å¢žå¼·çš„上å‡æ°£æµè€Œæ²’有下é™æ°£æµã€‚
在æˆç†ŸéšŽæ®µï¼Œç©é›¨é›²è®Šå¾—越來越大,甚至會進入平æµå±¤ã€‚ä¸éŽæ°´æ»´åŠå†°æ™¶æœƒå› 為éŽé‡ï¼Œä½¿å¾—上å‡æ°£æµä¸¦ä¸èƒ½æ‰¿æ‰˜å…¶é‡é‡ï¼Œè€Œé–‹å§‹è½ä¸‹ï¼Œå…¶è¡¨é¢æ‰€ç”¢ç”Ÿçš„摩擦會帶動四周的空氣å‘下沉,並é€æ¥å¢žå¼·ä¸‹å¢œåŠ›å¾žè€Œç”¢ç”Ÿä¸‹é™æ°£æµï¼Œé€™æ™‚便會出ç¾å‚陀大雨並且伴有雷電或上å‡ä¸‹é™äº‚æµï¼Œè€Œè‹¥ä¸‹é™æ°£æµæ¥µå¼·å‰‡å¯èƒ½æœƒé™é›ªã€‚而由高空下é™çš„冷氣æµåœ¨åˆ°é”地é¢æ™‚會水平展開,這時很易會生æˆçŒ›çƒˆé™£é¢¨ã€‚
最後,在消亡階段,上å‡æ°£æµé€æ¼¸æ¶ˆå¤±ï¼Œé€™æ™‚雷暴主è¦å—到已變弱的下é™æ°£æµå½±éŸ¿ã€‚雲裡大部份的水點被釋出,已無力å†é™é›¨ï¼Œè€Œé›·æš´äº¦é€æ¼¸æ¶ˆå¤±ã€‚
[编辑] åƒçœ‹æ¢ç›®
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[编辑] åƒè€ƒè³‡æ–™
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- Corfidi, S. F., 1998: Forecasting MCS mode and motion. Preprints 19th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, American Meteorological Society, Minneapolis, Minnesota, pp. 626-629.
- Davies, J.M., 2004: Estimations of CIN and LFC associated with tornadic and nontornadic supercells. Wea. Forecasting, 19, 714-726.
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- Doswell, C.A., III, D. V. Baker, and C. A. Liles, 2002: Recognition of negative factors for severe weather potential: A case study. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 937–954.
- ______, S.J. Weiss and R.H. Johns (1993): Tornado forecasting: A review. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards (C. Church et al., Eds), Geophys. Monogr. No. 79, Amer. Geophys. Union, 557-571.
- Evans, Jeffry S.: Examination of Derecho Environments Using Proximity Soundings. [1]
- J.V. Iribarne and W.L. Godson, Atmospheric Thermodynamics, published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, 1973, 222 pages
- Johns, R. H., J. M. Davies, and P. W. Leftwich, 1993: Some wind and instability parameters associated with strong and violent tornadoes. Part II: Variations in the combinations of wind and instability parameters. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction and Hazards, Geophys. Mongr., No. 79, Amer. Geophys. Union, 583–590.
- M K Yau and R.R. Rogers, Short Course in Cloud Physics, Third Edition, published by Butterworth-Heinemann, January 1, 1989, 304 pages. EAN 9780750632157 ISBN 0-7506-3215-1