Ahmadi

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Ahmadis (Urdu: احمدیہ‎ Ahmadiyya), is the collective name given to the two distinct groups (The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement) comprising of followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (d. 1908) from Qadian, in Punjab, India. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was a Muslim who claimed to have fulfilled Christian and Islamic prophecies, and proclaimed himself the promised Messiah, the Mahdi, as well as the Mujaddid (Reformer/Renewer) of the 14th Islamic century.^[1] Ahmadis consider themselves Muslims, and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad termed his movement the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat (community) envisioning it to be a revitalization of Islam.

The original Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat split into two separate groups after Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's death, known respectively as the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam (Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat-i-Islam). These groups vary in their specific interpretations of Ahmad's teachings and claims. They also differ in their views on who should have succeeded Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, and how such a successor should be chosen.

Most Muslims have not accepted Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's claims, and some do not consider Ahmadis to be Muslims at all, citing the Ahmadiyya view on the finality of Prophet Muhammad, ascension and return of Jesus, and concept of Jihad.^[2] The Ahmadis however argue that their beliefs are in accordance with Islam,^[3][4] and challenge the contention of the groups calling them non-Muslims on the basis of Qur'an, Hadith and Islamic jurists.^[5]

Contents 1 History 2 Current status 3 Beliefs 4 Distinct Ahmadi beliefs 4.1 Comparison of belief between mainstream Islam, Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, and Ahmadiyya Muslim Community 5 Views of mainstream Muslims 6 Relationship with Christians 7 Chronology with leaders 8 Some prominent Ahmadis 9 References 10 External links 10.1 Ahmadiyya external links 10.1.1 Topical articles by anti-Ahmadis

[edit] History

The Ahmadiyya Movement claims to represent the latter day renaissance of the religion of Islam. At the end of the 19th century, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian proclaimed himself to be the "Reformer of the age" Mujaddid, Promised Messiah, Mahdi of the age. (Note that the two sub-sects of the Ahmadiyya interpret this last claim very differently). He claimed to have fulfilled the prophecy of the return of Jesus. He and his followers claimed that his advent was foretold by Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, and also by many other religious scriptures of the world. In 1889 Mirza Ghulam Ahmad laid down the foundation of his community, which was later given the name of "Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat". Since its inception, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat's objective has been the revival of Islam. Soon after the death of the first Caliph, the movement split into two sects over the question of the Finality of Prophethood. The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement affirmed the traditional Islamic interpretation that there could be no new prophet after Muhammad and viewed itself as a reform movement within the broader Ummah.^[6] The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, however, claimed that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad had indeed been a prophet (albeit a "non-law-bearing" one) and that mainstream Muslims who rejected his message were guilty of disbelief. The question of "Khilafat" was also an issue in the split of the Ahmadiyya movement. The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement believes that an "Anjuman" (body of selected people) should be in charge of the Jamaat. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, however, believes that Caliphs are appointed by God and they are in charge.

Some of the first people to convert to Ahmadiyya Movement were from the military, such as Ali Gouhar of the British-Indian Army.^[7]

The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community claims to have established offices in 182 countries with a population of over 10 million.^[8] The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement has branches in 17 countries.^[9] However the literature produced by the Lahore movement, particularly translations of the Holy Quran and other books on Islam into various languages, is distributed globally to a much larger number of countries, including Russia,^[10] Central Asia, Eastern Europe^[11] and the Arab speaking world.^[12] There is no reliable information available regarding the population numbers of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement.

Overseas Ahmadiyya missionary activities started as early as 1920's. For many modern nations of the world, Ahmadiyya Islam was their first contact with Muslim civilization.^[13] Ahmadiyya movement is considered by some historians^[14] as one of the precursors to the African-American Civil Rights Movement in America. According to some experts, Ahmadiyya were "arguably the most influential community in African-American Islam" until the 1950s, when Nation of Islam gained support among black communities. Many notable Jazz musicians converted to Ahmadiyya Islam. The influence of Ahmadiyya movement was later reduced by the splits among the community caused by Nation of Islam as well as the Sunni-orthodox preachers during the 1950's.^[15]

The political awakening of Kashmiri Muslims and the subsequent struggle for independence from the Maharaja and then India is also linked with the Ahmadiyya missionary activities in the region.^[16] Kashmiri Muslim identity in twentieth century was most significantly influenced by the Ahmadiyya ideology. Ahmadis belonging to the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement were very active in educational and political struggle of Kashmiri Muslims throughout 1920, 30s and 40s. Abdulla Vakil and Nooruddin Qari Kashmiri were instrumental in propagating Islamic literature among the Muslim population of the state which included religious folk poetry and more complex religious discourses.^[17] The role of the movement came into the spotlight when All-India Kashmir Committee was formed by Mirza Basheer-ud-Deen Ahmad, the second successor and son of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad.

[edit] Current status

In some countries it is an offence for the Ahmadiyya Movement to preach their religion as Islam. In Pakistan parliament has declared Ahmadis to be non-Muslims. In 1974, the government of Pakistan amended its constitution to define a Muslim "as a person who believes in finality of Prophet Muhammad".^[18] Due to this strong clash of beliefs, Ahmadis have been the target of many attacks led by various religious groups.^[19] As a result of the cultural implications of the laws and constitutional amendments regarding Ahmadis in Pakistan, persecution and hate related incidents are constantly reported from different parts of the country. All religious seminaries and madrassahs in Pakistan, belonging to different sects of Islam have prescribed essential reading materials specifically targeted at refuting Ahmadiyya beliefs.^[20] In a recent survey in Pakistan, pupils in private schools of Pakistan expressed their opinions on religious tolerance in the country. The figures assembled in the study reflect that even in the educated classes of Pakistan, Ahmedis are considered to be the least deserving minority in terms of equal opportunities and civil rights. In the same study, the teachers in these elite schools showed even lower amount of tolerance towards Ahmadis than their pupils.^[21] Since both groups claim to be the true heirs to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's legacy even though they have radically different interpretations of his teachings (see below), the term can be quite ambiguous. Ahmadis claim that mainstream Muslim critics of Ahmadis often fail to note the important distinctions between the groups, treating all "Ahmadis" as members of the "Ahmadiyya Muslim Community."

[edit] Beliefs

Ahmadiyya beliefs mirror those of Islam in general, including belief in the prophethood of Muhammad, reverence for historical prophets, belief in a single creator God (strong monotheism). They accept the Qur'an as their holy text, and accept many hadiths (reported sayings of and stories about Muhammad).

[edit] Distinct Ahmadi beliefs

Although the central values of Islam (prayer, charity, fasting, etc.) are shared by mainstream and Ahmadi Muslims, distinct Ahmadi beliefs include the following:

• That the Qur'an has no contradictions (or abrogations), and has precedence over the Hadith or traditions; i.e., that one verse of the Qur'an does not cancel another and that no Hadith can contradict a verse of the Qur'an. Hadith that appear to contradict the Qu'ran are not accepted by Ahmadi Muslims.^[22]
• That Jesus, contrary to mainstream Islamic belief, was crucified and survived the 4 hours on the cross. He was later revived from a swoon in the tomb.^[23] Ahmadis believe that Jesus died in Kashmir of old age whilst seeking the Lost Tribes of Israel.^[24] Jesus' remains are believed to be entombed in Kashmir under the name Yuz Asaf. Ahmadis believe that Jesus foretold the coming of Muhammad after him, which Christians have misinterpreted.^{[citation needed]}
• That Jihad can only be used to protect against extreme religious persecution, and that Muslims have used Jihad as a tool for political opportunism.^[25]
• That the "Messiah" and the "Imam Mahdi" are the same person, and that Islam will defeat the Anti-Christ or Dajjal in a period similar to the period of time it took for nascent Christianity to rise (300 years).

• The two Ahmadiyya groups have varying beliefs regarding the finality of the Prophethood of Muhammad S.A.W.W. The Ahmadiyya Muslim community believes that Hazrat Muhammad brought prophethood to perfection and was the last law-bearing prophet. New prophets can come but they must be subordinate to Hazrat Muhammad and cannot exceed him in excellence nor alter his teaching or bring any new law or religion.^[26] The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement believes that Muhammad is the last of the prophets and no prophet, new or old, can come after him.^[27]

[edit] Comparison of belief between mainstream Islam, Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, and Ahmadiyya Muslim Community

Article of faith	Mainstream Islam	Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement	Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
Return of Jesus	Differs, but most believe that at the “end of days” Jesus himself will descend from heaven in the flesh[28]	References to the second coming of Jesus are allegorical. The prophecy of the second coming was fulfilled in the person of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad[29]	References to the second coming of Jesus are allegorical. The prophecy of the second coming was fulfilled in the person of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad[30]
Status of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad	Differs, but often considered an apostate. Many mainstream Muslims believe that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was one of the 30 false claimants to prophethood[31] about whom the prophet Muhammad warned Muslims 1400 years ago	Mujaddid (Islamic Reformer) of the 14th Islamic century. The promised Mahdi and the second coming of Jesus. Referred to as a prophet in the metaphorical sense only (as other recognised Islamic saints and sufis are similarly referred to). Not a prophet in the technical and linguistic meaning of the word.[32]	A prophet (with all the qualities of a prophet like Jesus) but subordinate and deputy to the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). The Messiah, Imam Mehdi and Mujaddid of the 14th Islamic century and the second coming of Jesus.[33]
Shahada	The Kalima Shahada is „La illaha ilallah, muhammadur rasullulah“. Professing the Kalima required to become a Muslim and in some cases (Pakistan,[34] Bangladesh[citation needed] ...) accepting Mirza Ghulam Ahmad to be an apostate is a prerequisite to be considered a Muslim.[35]	The Kalima Shahada is „La illaha ilallah, muhammadur rasullulah“. Anyone saying the Kalima Shahadat cannot be declared a non-Muslim by anyone else.[36]	The Kalima Shahada is „La illaha ilallah, muhammadur rasullulah“. Anyone saying the Kalima Shahadat cannot be declared a non-Muslim by anyone else.[citation needed] However, any one who does not beleive in Mirza Ghluam Ahmad's claims is a non-Muslim.[37]
Finality of the Prophethood of Muhammad	The meaning of “Seal of the Prophets” is that Muhammad is the last of the prophets. However this does not preclude the re-arrival of an old Prophet (Jesus) at the end of days.[38]	The meaning of “Seal of the Prophets” is that Muhammad is the last of the prophets. No prophet, either new or old can come after him.[39] Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was the Mujaddid (reformer) of the 14th century Hijra and not a true prophet.[40]	Hazrat Muhammad brought prophethood to perfection, he sealed prophethood and religious law. New prophets can come after him provided they follow the example and message set by him in every respect. Prophet Muhammad was the last law-bearing prophet, new prophets can come but they must be subordinate to Hazrat Muhammad and cannot exceed him in excellence nor alter his teaching or bring any new law or religion.[41]
Jesus, Son of Mary	Born of a miraculous birth[42] from the virgin, Mary. Did not die on the cross but was transported to heaven,[43] where he lives to return in the flesh to this world shortly before Doomsday.[44] Since Jesus (considered a prophet) came before Muhammad, his return to Earth would not disqualify Muhammad as the “last” prophet.	Similar to Ahmadiyya Muslim Community belief except that the question of Jesus's virgin birth is not an essential requirement of faith and is left to the individual's personal conviction.[45]	Jesus was born to the Virgin Mary. He survived the crucifixion and did not die an accursed death.[46] Instead he travelled east to India in search of the Lost Tribes of Israel.[47] Jesus lived a full life and died on earth, specifically Jesus's tomb lies in Kashmir under the name Yuz Asaf.
Armed Jihad	Some groups believe aggressive armed struggle to be the most valid interpretation of Jihad and consider it permissible and legal. Some mainstream Muslims hold the view that there are two different types of Jihad: Jihad Al-Akbar, (considered the greater Jihad) is the personal struggle with one's own soul and Jihad Al-Asghar (considered the lesser Jihad) is the external, physical effort, often implying fighting.[citation needed]	Jihad primarily means to strive or exert to the fullest. On an ongoing basis this refers to striving against the devil, ones low desires (self) and the peaceful propagation of Islam with special emphasis on spreading the true message of Islam by the pen. In special circumstances Jihad could be an armed struggle but only as a defensive war against extreme persecution.[48]	Similar to Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement beliefs. Claim that as per prophecy, the messiah rendered the concept of violent Jihad obsolete. They believe that the answer of hate should be given by love. As their khalifas said that 'if anyone attacks us we must not attack him and should love him' this is called "Jihaad-e-Akbari".[49]

[edit] Views of mainstream Muslims

Most orthodox Muslims consider both Ahmadi sects to be heretics for a number of reasons, chief among them being the question of finality of prophethood,^[50] since they believe members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community do not regard the Islamic prophet Muhammad to be the last prophet^[51] (the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement does not subscribe to this belief^[52]). Ahmadis claim that this is a result of misinterpreting Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's statements referring to his coming "in the spirit of Muhammed",^[53] (similar to John the Baptist coming in the spirit and power of Elijah^[54]). Both Ahmadi sects believe Mirza Ghulam Ahmad to be the Mahdi and promised Messiah,^[55] while mainstream Muslims refute this claim. (rejectionists).^[56] Both Ahmadi groups are considered non-Muslims by the Pakistan government, and have this fact recorded on their travel documents; due to which they are not allowed to enter the holy shrines in Mecca and Medina. In contrast Ahmadi citizens from Western countries and other moderate Muslim nations can and do perform Hajj and Umra as required by Islam.

As the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement’s view regarding Mirza Ghulam Ahmad’s status as a Prophet is closer to traditional Islamic thought, the Literature published by the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement has found greater acceptability among the Muslim Intelligentsia.^[57][58]

Some mainstream Muslims group both Ahmadi sects together and refer to them as "Qadianis", and their beliefs as "Qadianism"^[59] (after the small town of Qadian in the Gurdaspur District of Punjab in India, where the movement's founder was born). However most, if not all, Ahmadis of both sects dislike this term as it has acquired derogatory connotations over the years and furthermore they prefer to differentiate their two separate movements. Furthermore, some Muslim groups will not use the term "Muslim" when referring to Ahmadis, even though both sects refer to themselves as such. However, as members of Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement deny the prophethood of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, some orthodox Islamic Scholars consider the Lahore Ahmadiyya as Muslims.^[60] In earlier times in Pakistan and India, there was widespread persecution of Ahmadis by certain Muslim groups. Sporadic violence as well as persecution of a more subtle nature against Ahmadis continues even today.^[61]

Over time the mainstream Muslim opinion in the world has shifted towards Ghulam Ahmad's standpoint on Jihad and ascension of Jesus.^[62] Many modern Muslim scholars and Muslim intellectuals seem to conform to the idea of peaceful Jihad as a struggle for reform through civil means. A number of notable orthodox Islamic scholars have either conceded to the fact that Jesus has died or expressed their own confusion on this matter^{[63][64][65][66][67]} .

[edit] Relationship with Christians

Christian missionaries during the life of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad were actively engaged in debates, prayer duels and written arguments with the Ahmadiyya Movement. The Ahmadiyya Movement considers Christian nations (particularly of the developed world) to be the prophesised Dajjal and Gog and Magog, thus making the relationship very hostile. The Ahmadiyya view of death of Jesus has also been a source of ongoing friction with the Christian Church.

Abbott Freeland, observed in his book, Islam and Pakistan,^[68]

The primary significance of the Ahmadiyya Movement lay in its missionary emphasis. Every Muslim believed that Islam was the only religion free from error. The Ahmadiyas made it part of their principles to show the errors of other religions to their adherents and to proselytize energetically for Islam. In a sense, the Ahmadiyas represent the Muslims emerging, religiously speaking, from the withdrawal that had begun with the arrival of the British, just as the Muslim League represents the political emergence from that same withdrawal. .................................. It is somewhat ironic that the sect most attacked by Muslims in India and Pakistan has also been that, which has worked hardest, in both its branches, to defend and extend Islam against the competition offered by other faiths.

Ghulam Ahmad was constantly engaged in controversies with the British missionaries. Western historians have recorded this effort as one of the features of Ghulam Ahmad's legacy.^[69] Francis Robinson states;

At their most extreme religious strategies for dealing with the Christian presence might involve attacking Christian revelation at its heart, as did the Punjabi Muslim, Ghulam Ahmad (d.1908), who founded the Ahmadiyya missionary sect.

[edit] Chronology with leaders

• 23 March 1889 Ahmadiyya movement founded.
• 1914 Split into two branches, one remaining in Qadian, today known as Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam (Jamaat-i Ahmadiyya), and one being established in Lahore, known as the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam (Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat-i-Islam).

Only two leaders are recognized by both branches of the sect:

• 23 March 1889 - 26 May 1908 Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founding Mahdi (b. 1835 - d. 1908)
• 27 May 1908 - 13 March 1914 Maulana Hakeem Noor-ud-Din (b. 1841 - d. 1914), the first Caliph, after whose death the movement was split:

Leaders recognized by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (Qadian Branch), referred to as Khalifas ('Successors'):

• 14 March 1914 - 7 November 1965 Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad (b. 1889 - d. 1965)
• 8 November 1965 - 9 June 1982 Mirza Nasir Ahmad (b. 1909 - d. 1982)
• 10 June 1982 - 19 April 2003 Mirza Tahir Ahmad (b. 1928 - d. 2003)
• 22 April 2003 - today Mirza Masroor Ahmad (b. 1950)

Leaders recognized by the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement (Lahore Branch), referred to as Emirs:

• April 1914 - 13 October 1951 Maulana Muhammad Ali (b. 1874 - d. 1951)
• 1951 - 15 November 1981 Maulana Sadr-ud-Din (d. 1981)
• 1981 - 15 November 1996 Saeed Ahmad Khan (b. 1900 - d. 1996)
• 1996 - 14 October 2002 Asghar Hameed (b. 1919 - d. 2002)
• 3 November 2002 - today Abdul Karim Saeed (b. 1945)

[edit] Some prominent Ahmadis

• Muhammad Zafrulla Khan - First Foreign Minister of Pakistan
• Dr. Abdus Salam - Awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1979
• Akhtar Hussain Malik - Lieutenant General of the Pakistan Army, 1965 war hero
• M M Ahmad - Prominent Civil Servant of Pakistan
• Iftikhar Janjua - Major General of the Pakistan Army - 1965 war hero, killed in 1971 war
• Gen Abdul Ali Malik. War Hero of Chawinda, 1965 IndoPak war
• Naseer Ahmad Faruqui - Chief Election Commissioner Pakistan, (d.6 Dec 1991)
• Maulana Muhammad Ali - Religious scholar and first Muslim author of an English language translation of the Quran^[70]
• Obaidullah Aleem - Famous Urdu Poet.

[edit] References

• Islam and Pakistan by Freeland, Abbot. p. 160-161

[edit] External links

[edit] Ahmadiyya external links

• Official Website of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
• Official Website of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam -- Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat-e-Islam Lahore
• Persecution of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
• Ahmadiyya Muslim Community USA
• Unofficial discussion about Ahmadiyya Muslim Community

[edit] Topical articles by anti-Ahmadis

• Discussion on the topic of death of Jesus Christ at Zakir Naik forum - Zakir Naik on Google Groups
• The Qadiani Sect by Yusuf Smith - A Muslim convert's Point of View - Alhafeez.org Anti Ahmadiyya Anti Shia Anti Barelvi, Anti Ismaieli website
• Qadiyanism: A Brief Survey - The Institute of Islamic Information and Education, USA
• Allama Iqbal on Ahmadism - ServantsofAllah.org
• Sir Muhammad Iqbal and the Ahmadiyya Movement - Iqbal's sympathies and support for the Ahmadiyya Movement
• The Problem Of Qadiyanism by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Ummah.com Anti Ahmadiyya Anti Shia Anti Barelvi, Anti Ismaieli websit
• Mirza Qadiani's Anti-Islamic Claims by Dr. Syed Rashid Ali - Islamicweb
• Finality of Prophethood by Abul A'la Maududi - youngmuslims.com

Exposing The Reality of Ahmadiyya System!

• http://geocities.com/islam.Ahmadiyya/