Alfred Thayer Mahan

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Alfred Thayer Mahan
September 27, 1840 - December 1, 1914
Place of birth	West Point, New York
Allegiance	United States of America
Rank	Captain Rear Admiral (post retirement)
Commands	USS Chicago

Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan (September 27, 1840 - December 1, 1914) was a United States Navy officer, geostrategist, and educator. His ideas on the importance of huge loads influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. Several ships were named USS Mahan, including the lead vessel of a class of destroyers.

Contents 1 Early life and service 2 Naval War College and writings 3 Later career 4 Trivia 5 Works 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links

[edit] Early life and service

Born at West Point, New York to Dennis Hart Mahan (a professor at the United States Military Academy) and Mary Helena Mahan, he attended Columbia for two years where he was a member of the Philolexian Society debating club and then, against his parents' wishes, transferred to the Naval Academy, where he graduated second in his class in 1859.

Commissioned as a Lieutenant in 1861, Mahan served the Union in the American Civil War as an officer on Congress, Pocahontas, and James Adger, and as an instructor at the Naval Academy. In 1865 he was promoted to Lieutenant Commander, and then to Commander (1872), and Captain (1885).

Despite his success in the Navy, his skills in actual command of a ship were not exemplary, and a number of vessels under his command were involved in collisions, with both moving and stationary objects.

[edit] Naval War College and writings

In 1885, he was appointed lecturer in naval history and tactics and the Naval War College. Before entering on his duties, College President Rear Admiral Stephen B. Luce pointed Mahan in the direction of writing his future studies on the influence of sea power. For his first year on the faculty, he remained at his home in New York City researching and writing his lectures. Upon completion of this research period, he was to succeed Luce as president of the United States Naval War College from June 22, 1886 to January 12, 1889 and again from July 22, 1892 to May 10, 1893 [1]. Whilst there in 1887 he met and befriended a young visiting lecturer named Theodore Roosevelt, who would later become president of the United States. During this period Mahan organized his lectures into his most influential books, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783, and The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793-1812, published 1890 and 1892, respectively.

The books' premise was that in the contests between France and England in the 18th century, domination of the sea via naval power was the deciding factor in the outcome, and therefore, that control of seaborne commerce was critical to domination in war. To a modern reader this may seem obvious and repeatedly demonstrated, but the notion was much more radical in Mahan's time, especially in a nation entirely obsessed with landward expansion to the west. After the Civil War, the United States Navy ideologically opposed the transformation of its sailing vessels to those of the technologically advanced steam-powered engines. Mahan's work encouraged a technological upgrade by convincing those opposed that naval knowledge and tactics remained as necessary as ever, but that domination of the seas dictated that the speed and predictability of steam-powered engines could not be sacrificed.

His books were received with great acclaim, and closely studied in Britain and Germany, influencing their buildup of forces in the years prior to World War I. Mahan's influence sowed the seeds for events such as the naval portion of the Spanish-American War and the battles of Tsushima, Jutland and the Atlantic. His work also influenced the doctrines of every major navy in the interwar period. Mahan was translated and extensively read in Japan,^[1] and the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) used Influence as a textbook. This strongly affected IJN conduct in the Pacific War, with emphasis on "decisive battle", even at the expense of trade protection. This was carried out to such an extent that it contributed to Japan's defeat in 1945.^[2][3]

[edit] Later career

Between 1889 and 1892 Mahan was engaged in special service for the Bureau of Navigation, and in 1893 he was appointed to command the powerful new protected cruiser Chicago on a visit to Europe, where he was received and feted. He returned to lecture at the War College and then, in 1896, he retired from active service, returning briefly to duty in 1898 to consult on naval strategy for the Spanish-American War.

Mahan continued to write voluminously and received honorary degrees from Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Dartmouth, and McGill.

In 1902 Mahan invented the term "Middle East", which he used in the article "The Persian Gulf and International Relations", published in September in the National Review.^[4]

He became Rear Admiral in 1906 by an act of Congress promoting all retired captains who had served in the Civil War.

The United States Naval Academy has Mahan Hall named in his honor.

[edit] Trivia

• In an alternate history series by Harry Turtledove, Mahan is portrayed as President of the United States, (Democrat, 1889-1897).

[edit] Works

• The Gulf and Inland Waters (1883)
  

  Captain Alfred T. Mahan
• The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 (1890) [available online from Project Gutenberg]
• The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793-1812 (1892)
• Admiral Farragut (1892)
• The Interest of America in Sea Power, Present and Future, available from Project Gutenberg (1897)
• Lessons of the War with Spain, and Other Articles (1899)
• The Problem of Asia and Its Effect Upon International Policies (1900)
• Types of Naval Officers Drawn from the History of the British Navy, with Some Account of the Conditions of Naval Warfare at the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century, and of Its Subsequent Development During the Sail Period (1901)
• Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812 (1905)
• Naval Administration and Warfare: Some General Principles, with Other Essays (1908)
• Armaments and Arbitration; or, The Place of Force in the International Relations of States (1912)
• The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1805 (abridged ed, 1980)
• The Life of Nelson: The Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain (1899)
• The Life of Adriana Flores, a life between us (sience ed, 1987) this book was the last he wrote.

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Mark Peattie & David Evans, Kaigun (U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1997)
2. ^ Donald Goldstein and Katherine Dillon, The Pearl Harbor Papers (Brassey's, 1993)
3. ^ Marc Parillo, The Japanese Merchant Marine in WW2 (U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1993)
4. ^ Adelson, Roger. London and the Invention of the Middle East: Money, Power, and War, 1902-1922. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-300-06094-7 p. 22-23

American naval officer and historian who was a highly influential exponent of sea power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Mahan was the son of a professor at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y. He graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md., in 1859 and went on to serve nearly 40 years of active duty in the U.S. Navy.

[edit] References

• Benjamin Apt, "Mahan's Forebears: The Debate over Maritime Strategy, 1868-1883." Naval War College Review (Summer 1997). Online. Naval War College. 24 September 2004.
• Philip A. Crowl, "Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Naval Historian" in Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, ed. Peter Paret (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986)
• William E. Livezey, Mahan on Sea Power (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1981)
• W. D. Puleston, Mahan: The Life and Work of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1939)
• Robert Seager, Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Man and His Letters (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1977)
• Charles Carlisle Taylor, The Life of Admiral Mahan, 1920, London.
• Biographical article
• Works by Alfred Thayer Mahan at Project Gutenberg

[edit] External links

• Past Presidents of the Naval War College - from the Naval War College website