Columbia College of Columbia University

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Columbia College
Established	1754
School type	Private
Dean	Austin Quigley
Location	New York, New York, USA
Enrollment	ca. 4,100
Homepage	www.college.columbia.edu

Columbia College is the main undergraduate college at Columbia University, situated on the university's main campus of Morningside Heights in the Borough of Manhattan in the City of New York. It was founded in 1754 by the Church of England as King's College, receiving a Royal Charter from King George II of Great Britain. Columbia College is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York and the fifth oldest in the United States. The college is highly selective in its admissions, having admitted 9.6% of 17,148 applicants--or 1,653 students--for the class of 2010.

[edit] History

Columbia College was founded as King’s College by royal charter of King George II of England in the colony of New York in 1754. Due in part to the influence of Church of England religious leaders, a site in New York near Trinity Church, Wall Street on the island of Manhattan was selected.

Samuel Johnson was chosen as the college’s first president and was also the college’s first (and for a time only) professor. During this period, classes and examinations, both oral and written, were conducted entirely in Latin.

[edit] 18th Century

In 1767, the college established a medical college, now known as the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, which was the first medical school to grant the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree in America.

Due to the American Revolution, instruction was suspended from 1776 until 1784, but by the beginning of the war, the college had already educated some of the nation’s foremost political leaders. Even at this young age, ‘’King‘s College‘’ had already educated Alexander Hamilton, who served as military aide to General George Washington, then as the first Secretary of the United States Treasury and author of most of the Federalist Papers; John Jay, the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court; Robert Livingston, one of the five men who with Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence; and Gouverneur Morris, who authored the actual text of the United States Constitution. Hamilton's first experience with the military came while a student during the summer of 1775, after the outbreak of fighting at Boston. Along with Nicholas Fish, Robert Troup, and a group of other students from King's, he joined a volunteer militia company called the "Hearts of Oak" and achieved the rank of Lieutenant. They adopted distinctive uniforms, complete with the words "Liberty or Death" on their hatbands, and drilled under the watchful eye of a former British officer in the graveyard of the nearby St. Paul's Chapel. In August of 1775, while under fire from HMS Asia, the Hearts of Oak (a.k.a. the "Corsicans") participated in a successful raid to seize cannon from the Battery, becoming an artillery unit thereafter. Ironically, in 1776 Captain Hamilton would engage in the Battle of Harlem Heights, which took place on and around the site that would later become home to his Alma Mater over a century later.

College Hall in 1790

With the successful completion of the American Revolutionary War in 1783, the domestic situation was stable enough for the college to resume classes in 1784. With the new nation's independence from Great Britain, the name of the institution was changed from King’s College to Columbia College, the name by which the institution continues to be known today. The college was briefly chartered as a state institution, lasting only until 1787, when due to a lack of public financial support the school was permitted to incorporate under a private board of trustees. This 1787 charter remains in effect to the current day. The renamed and reorganized college, located in the new national capital under the Constitution and free from its association with the Church of England, students from a variety of denominations came to Columbia as a response to its growing reputation as one of the finest institutions of higher learning in the new nation.

[edit] 19th Century

After a brief period of being housed in another lower Manhattan building on Park Place near the current location of New York City Hall, in 1857 the college moved to 49th Street and Madison Avenue in Manhattan.

During the college’s forty years at this location, in addition to granting the Bachelor of Arts and Doctor of Medicine degrees, the faculties of the college were expanded to include the Columbia Law School (founded 1858), the Columbia School of Mines (founded 1864, now known as the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science). The Columbia School of Mines awarded the first Ph.D. from Columbia in 1875.

At this time, Columbia College was now not only the name of the original undergraduate college founded as King’s College, but it also encompassed all of the other colleges and schools of the institution. (Though technically known as the "School of Arts," the undergraduate division was often called "The College proper" to avoid confusion.) After Seth Low became president of Columbia College in 1890, he advocated the division of the individual schools and colleges into their own semi-autonomous entities under the central administration of the university. The complexity of managing the institution had been further increased when Barnard College for Women became affiliated with Columbia in 1889 followed by Teachers College of Columbia University in 1891. Also by this time, graduate faculties issuing the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in philosophy, political science, and the natural sciences had also developed.

Hamilton Hall (left), new home of Columbia College, and Hartley Hall, the College's first dormitory, in 1907

Thusly, in 1896, the trustees of Columbia College, under the guidance of Seth Low, approved a new name for the university as a whole, Columbia University in the City of New York. At this point, the name Columbia College returned to being used solely to refer to the original undergraduate college, founded as King’s College in 1754 and renamed Columbia College in 1784.

In addition to reclaiming the identity of Columbia College and making it focus of the newly rearranged Columbia University, Low was also responsible for the monumental relocation of the university to its current location a top a hill in Morningside Heights in uptown Manhattan. A tract for the campus was purchased which extended from 114th St. to 120th St. between Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue.

Charles McKim of McKim, Mead, and White was selected to design the new campus, which was to be patterned after the buildings of the Italian Renaissance. While most American universities at this point had followed more medieval and Gothic styles of architecture, the neoclassical style of the new Columbia University campus was to meant to reflect the institution’s roots in the Enlightenment and the spirit of intellectual discovery of the period. Columbia College and the Columbia University as a whole relocated to the new campus in 1897.

[edit] 20th Century

The academic history of traditions of Columbia College clearly had their beginnings in the classical education of the Enlightenment, and in this mold, the college’s famous Core Curriculum was officially recognized and codified in 1919 with John Erskine's first seminar on the great books of the western tradition. Also in 1919, a course entitled ‘’War and Peace’’ was required of all Columbia College students in addition to the Great Books Honors Seminar.

During the 1960s, Columbia College, like many others across the United States, experienced unrest and turmoil due to the ongoing civil rights movement and opposition to the Vietnam War. On April 23, 1968, over 1,000 students forcefully occupied five campus buildings in protest to the proposed expansion of the university’s campus into Morningside Park, and to protest the university's sponsorship of classified military research. University officials wished to build new gymnasium facilities in the park, which while located directly adjacent to the university, is separated by a steep cliff. Plans to create separate entrances for students and local residents was the primary objection of the student protesters to the proposed expansion plan. A fence at the site was torn down, and police arrested one student, whose release became one of the demands of the protest. After five days, the functions of the university were brought to a halt, and early on the morning of April 30 the students were forcibly removed by the New York Police Department. As a result of the student protests, the university president Grayson L. Kirk retired, classified research projects on campus were abruptly ended, long-standing ROTC programs were expelled, and the proposed expansion plans were canceled. While academics and admissions selectivity at ‘’Columbia College’’ remained strong through the late 1960s and 1970s, the university as a whole experienced financial difficulties.

Van Amringe Quadrangle houses a memorial to John Howard Van Amringe, who served as the College's first Dean after the formation of Columbia University

In the 1980s and 1990s, the university experienced a drastic increase in gifts and endowment growth. Due to the leadership of university presidents Michael Sovern and George Rupp, many of Columbia College’s facilities were extensively expanded and renovated. The number of residence halls was increased to accommodate all Columbia College students for all four years of the undergraduate education. Hamilton Hall, the primary academic building of Columbia College has undergone an extensive renovations, and the college’s athletic facilities, located at Baker Field on Manhattan's far northern tip at 218th St., were renovated and expanded.

[edit] Columbia College today

[edit] Academics

Columbia College is known for its rigorous Core Curriculum, a series of mandatory classes and distribution requirements that form the heart of Columbia College students' academic experience. The Core has changed slightly over the years, but students are currently required to take the following:

Students are also required to pass a swimming test before receiving their diploma. Some of these requirements, however, may be skipped if the student passes a placement exam or demonstrates requisite proficiency. Most students graduate within four years with a Bachelor of Arts degree.

[edit] Campus

Looking toward Hamilton Hall, home of the College, on the campus of Columbia University.

Most of the College's facilities are located on Columbia University's Morningside Heights campus, especially in Hamilton Hall, which houses its administrative and admissions offices, as well as the directors of the Core Curriculum.

Within Butler Library, the university’s main library and the home to over 2 million volumes of the university’s humanities collection which recently underwent an extensive 4 year renovation, a generous gift from Philip L. Milstein allowed for the creation of The Philip L. Milstein Family College Library, a specialized collection of some 100,000 volumes concentrated in history, literature, philosophy, and the social sciences and especially designed to complement the curriculum of Columbia College. The collection of the Columbia University Libraries consists of over 9.2 million volumes held in 25 specialized libraries altogether.

Students at Columbia College are guaranteed housing for four years. Residence halls, which also house undergraduate students of Columbia's engineering school, are either located within or are within a few blocks of the main campus. First year students are housed in John Jay, Carman, Wallach, Hartley and Furnald Halls.

[edit] Governance

The Dean of Columbia College, since 1995, is Austin E. Quigley. The students of Columbia College elect the Columbia College Student Council (CCSC) to serve as their primary representative, advocate, and liaison to the Columbia University community, including its administration, faculty, alumni and students, as well as to the public.

[edit] Notable alumni and former students

Many eminent individuals have attended or taught at Columbia College and King's College, its predecessor. They are enumerated in full in the list of Columbia College people.

Alexander Hamilton

Among those College alumni categorized as "remarkable" by the university during its 250th anniversairy celebrations in 2004[1] were Founding Fathers of the United States Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and Gouverneur Morris. Other political figures in this group include statesman and educator Nicholas Murray Butler, New York Governor DeWitt Clinton, US Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, South African anti-apartheid leader Pixley ka Isaka Seme, Chinese diplomat Wellington Koo, many New York City mayors, including Seth Low and John Purroy Mitchel, as well as spymaster William Joseph Donovan.

Academics listed include philosophers Mortimer Adler and Irwin Edman, historians Jacques Barzun, Alfred Thayer Mahan, and James Shenton, economist Arthur Burns, paleontologist Niles Eldredge, drama scholar Brander Matthews, art historian Meyer Schapiro and literary critic Lionel Trilling.

Jack Kerouac

Public intellectuals and journalists, including broadcaster Roone Arledge, social critic Randolph Bourne, environmentalist Barry Commoner, and writer Henry Demarest Lloyd are also prominent on the list. Major publishers included were Alfred Knopf, Arthur Sulzberger, and Bennett Cerf. Social activist Milton Weston and rabbi Stephen Wise were also considered prominent.

Columbia College graduates recognized in the arts include pianist Emanuel Ax, actor James Cagney Jr, musician Art Garfunkel, composers Oscar Hammerstein II, John Corigliano, and Richard Rodgers, lyricist Lorenz Hart, playwrights Samuel Spewack, Tony Kushner and Terrence McNally, writers Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Herman Wouk, Thomas Merton, Clement Clarke Moore, Mark Van Doren and Clifton Fadiman, screenwriter Herman Mankiewicz, filmmaker Joseph Mankiewicz, and sculptor Isamu Noguchi.

Architect James Renwick, Jr., engineer William Barclay Parsons, baseball player Lou Gehrig, football player Sid Luckman, and business leader John Kluge were also included.

Barack Obama

Additionally, highly visible former Columbia College student in recent years include Illinois Senator Barack Obama, political advisor and commentator George Stephanopoulos, New Jersey Governor Jim McGreevey, Estonian president Toomas Hendrik Ilves, actor siblings Jake and Maggie Gyllenhaal as well as Julia Stiles, directors Jim Jarmusch, Brian DePalma and Bill Condon, and singer Lauryn Hill, writer Paul Auster, and historian Eric Foner.

Among its alumni, Columbia College can count at least ten Nobel Prize winners.

For a full list of people associated with Columbia University as a whole, please see the list of Columbia University people.

[edit] See also

• Columbia University
• Core Curriculum
• List of Columbia College people

[edit] External links

• Official website
• Columbia College Student Council website
• Office of Undergraduate Admissions, Admission Statistics
• Stand, Columbia : A History of Columbia University by Robert McCaughey