Aromatase inhibitor
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Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are a class of drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women that block the aromatase enzyme.
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[edit] Type I and II
AIs are categorized into two types: [1]
- Irreversible steroidal inhibitors such as exemestane form a permanent bond with the aromatase enzyme complex.
- Non-steroidal inhibitors (such as anastrozole, letrozole) inhibit the enzyme by reversible competition.
[edit] Mode of action
Aromatase inhibitors work by inhibiting the action of the enzyme aromatase, which converts androgens into estrogens by a process called aromatization. As breast tissue is stimulated by estrogens, decreasing their production is a way of suppressing recurrence of the breast tumor tissue.
[edit] Indication
[edit] Cancer
In contrast to pre-menopausal women, in whom most of the estrogen is produced in the ovaries, in post-menopausal women most of the body's estrogen is produced in the adrenal gland from the conversion of androgens. The other main source of estrogen post-menopausally is adipose tissue[citation needed]. Because some breast cancers respond to estrogen, lowering the estrogen level in post-menopausal women using aromatase inhibitors has been proven to be effective in breast cancer treatment.[2]
Aromatase inhibitors are generally not used to treat breast cancer in premenopausal women. When aromatase inhibitors are used in premenopausal women, the decrease in estrogen activates the hypothalamus and pituitary axis to increase gonadotropin secretion, which in turn stimulates the ovary to increase androgen production. This counteracts the effect of the aromatase inhibitor.
An ongoing area of clinical research is optimizing adjuvant hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Tamoxifen has been standard treatment, however the ATAC trial has shown that clinical results are superior with an AI in postmenopausal women with localized breast cancer that is estrogen receptor positive. Further studies of various AIs are ongoing.
[edit] Other
Investigations are ongoing to look for other applications. Researchers are studying aromatase inhibitors to stimulate ovulation (in a manner similar to, but not exactly the same as, clomiphene citrate) or suppress estrogen production, ie in endometriosis.[3]
AIs are also investigated in the treatment of adolescents whose predicted adult height is low.[4]
Bodybuilders who take anabolic steroids may also take AIs to prevent the steroids from being converted to estrogen; an increase in estrogen levels has undesirable consequences for a bodybuilder, such as gynecomastia.
[edit] Members
Some of the aromatase inhibitors in use include:
- Aminoglutethimide
- Anastrozole (Arimidex®)
- Letrozole (Femara®)
- Exemestane (Aromasin®)
- 4-androstene-3,6,17-trione ("6-OXO", marketed as a nutritional supplement for athletes and weight lifters)
[edit] References
- ^ Mokbel K (2002). "The evolving role of aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer". Int J Clin Oncol 7 (5): 279-83. PMID 12402060.
- ^ Howell A, et al; ATAC Trialists Group. Results of the ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) trial after completion of 5 years' adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Lancet 2005 Jan 1-7;365(9453):60-2. PMID 15639680
- ^ Attar E, Bulun SE. Aromatase inhibitors: the next generation of therapeutics for endometriosis? Fertil Steril 2006;85:1307-18. PMID 16647373
- ^ Hero M, Wickman S, Dunkel L (2006). "Treatment with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole during adolescence increases near-final height in boys with constitutional delay of puberty". Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 64 (5): 510-3. PMID 16649968.
Competitive inhibition - Uncompetitive inhibition - Non-competitive inhibition - Suicide inhibition - Mixed inhibition
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors - Aromatase inhibitors - Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - Kinase inhibitors - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors - Reverse transcriptase inhibitors - Phosphodiesterase inhibitors - Protease inhibitors
