Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
During the latter stages of World War II, Pforzheim, a town in south west Germany was bombed a number of times. The largest raid, and one of the most devastating area bombardments of the war was carried out by the Royal Air Force (RAF) on the evening of February 23, 1945. About one fifth of the town's population, over 17,000 people, were killed in the air raid, and about 83% of the town's buildings were destroyed. The town was thought by the Allies to be producing precision instruments for use in the German war effort and be used for transport of German troops.
Contents |
[edit] Minor raids
The first Allied air raid on Pforzheim took place on April 1, 1944 When the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) bombers carried out a raid in which the damage was comparatively small and 95 people were killed. Further attacks by the USAAF followed. The largest of these attacks was on 24 December (Christmas Eve). Another on 21 January 1945 caused 56 casualties.
The RAF also carried out a number of night time nuisance raids on Pforzheim using de Havilland Mosquito light bombers. The raids, consisting of around half a dozen Mosquitos, would force the Luftwaffe, the German airforce, to respond. They also helped confuse the German defences making it more difficult for the Germans to identify major raids. In doing so these raids diverted resources away from the main bomber streams. These nuisance raids affected the citizens of the targeted cities, driving them into shelters and disturbing their sleep. There were three consecutive raids on the nights of October 2, October 3 and October 4 1944 with a further three raids in October and one in November 1944. Across all these raids the RAF lost one aircraft.
After the devastating air raid of February 23, 1945, there were smaller air raids on Pforzheim. On March 4, United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Liberator aircraft bombed the area around "Kupferhammer" and opened fire on crowds of citizens, leaving about 100 dead behind. On March 14th, 16th, 18th, 19th, 20th and 24th the railway facilities were bombed. On March 17, the motorway (Autobahn) at Pforzheim was bombed, and on March 23 the area in Eutingen Valley was bombed.
[edit] Reasons for the main raid
A report compiled for RAF Bomber Command dated 28 June 1944, stated that Pforzheim was "one of the centres of the German jewellery and watch making trade and is therefore likely to have become of considerable importance into the production of precision instruments [of use in the war effort]" An Allied report issued in August 1944 stated that "almost every house in this town centre is a small workshop" and that there were few larger factories in the south and one in the north of the city centre. An attack on the city would destroy the "builtup area, the associated industries and rail facilities". There were no war-crucial targets only war-relevant ones.
In November 1944 Pforzheim was placed for the first time on a target list of the Allied Forces but with the lowest priority of five categories. In that report the city is called very dedicated for a raid, because the road and rail communications through the old city was known to be very inflammable. Pforzheim was used in the transfer of troops.
Detlef Siebert wrote for the BBC History website "Some of them, like Würzburg or Pforzheim, were selected primarily because they were easy for the bombers to find and destroy. Because they had a medieval centre, they were expected to be particularly vulnerable to fire attack."
[edit] Main raid
The large raid that almost completely destroyed the inner city district occurred on the evening of February 23, 1945. The first bombs were dropped at 19:52 and the last one at 20:10. The attack on "Yellowfin", the code name for Pforzheim, included 379 aircraft.
The bombers were 367 Avro Lancasters of No. 1, No. 6, and No. 8 groups along with, one Film Unit Lancaster, and 13 Mosquitos of No. 8 Group. The master bomber was Major Edwin Swales, DFC a South African, aged 29, who won Bomber Command's last Victoria Cross of the war for his actions on this night. Despite severe dammage to his plane he remained over the target for the whole of the raid but he was killed when his Lancaster crashed in Belgium on the return flight.
The bomber stream attacked from a height of 8,000 feet (2,400 m). It dropped almost half a million bombs with a total weight of 1,825 tonnes. The bombs were a by now standard mix of high explosive and phosphorus incendiary bombs. The core area of the town suffered immediate destruction and a firestorm broke out, reaching its most devastating phase after 10 minutes from the start of the raid. The smoke over the town rose to about 3,000 meters high, and the returning bomber crews could see the glare of the fire up to 160 kilometers away.
Twelve aircraft of the bomber fleet did not return to their bases. Eleven of them were shot down by Luftwaffe fighters stationed at Grosssachsenheim, and another was assumed to have been accidentally hit by "friendly" bombs. At least two aircraft crashed not far from Pforzheim, and the plane of the master bomber, which had been hit twice, crashed in Belgium. One of the Lancasters that crashed near Pforzheim went down close to the village of Neuhausen (Enzkreis) (three crew members bailed out, of whom two survived; the remaining crew members were killed in the wreckage), and the other one near the village of Althengstett near the town of Calw.
[edit] Impact of the attack
The German Army Report of February 24, 1945 devoted only two lines to reporting the bombardment: "In the early evening hours of February 23, a forceful British attack was directed at Pforzheim". The post-war British Bombing Survey Unit estimated that 83 per cent of the town's built-up area was destroyed, "probably the greatest proportion in one raid during the war".
In an area about 3 kilometers long and 1.5 kilometers wide, all buildings were reduced to rubble. 17,600 citizens were officially counted as dead and thousands were injured. People died from the immediate impact of explosions, from burns due to burning phosphorus materials that seeped through basement windows into the cellars of houses where they hid, from lack of oxygen and poisonous gases, and from collapsing walls of houses. Some of them drowned in the Enz or Nagold rivers into which they had jumped while trying to escape from the burning phosphorus materials in the streets but even the rivers were burning as the phosphorus material floated on the water.
After the attack, about 30,000 people had to be fed by public makeshift kitchens because their housing had been destroyed. Almost 90% of the buildings in the core city area had been destroyed. Many Pforzheim citizens were buried in common graves at Pforzheim's main cemetery because they could not be identified. There are many graves of complete families. The labour office of 1942 listed 2,980 foreigners in Pforzheim, and one source puts the number of foreign laborers who died in the bombings at 498 (among them 50 Italians).
The inner city districts were severely depopulated. According to the State Statistics Bureau (Statistisches Landesamt), in the Market Square area (Marktplatzviertel) in 1939 there were 4,112 registered inhabitants, in 1945 none (0). In the Old Town area (Altstadtviertel) in 1939 there were 5,109 inhabitants, in 1945 only 2 persons were still living there. In the Leopold Square area, in 1939 there were 4,416 inhabitants, in 1945 only 13.
[edit] Post war
Rather than rebuild the centre of Pforzheim on the old street plan, the main thoroughfares were broadened after the war. Most of the reconstruction which was in the 1950s, used styles of architecture fashionable in post war Germany. The rubble from the destruction was heaped into a large, high mound on the outskirts of the town covered with soil and vegetation, which is officially called the "Wallberg". As with other German cities which have similar mounds, it remains a visible memorial to the destruction visited on the city during World War II. The mound to the West of Berlin is known as "Teufelsberg" (Devil's Mountain), Pforzheim's is called by local citizens "Monte Scherbelino" (meaning something like "Mount Rubbish" or "Mount Sherds" ; this naming attests to the fact that the RAF was unable to destroy the black humour of the Pforzheimers).
[edit] References
- Official RAF Web Site: Campaign Diary October 1944
- Official RAF Web Site: Campaign Diary February 1945
- Pforzheim - 23 February 1945 by Christian Groh, in: historicum.net dated 24.4.2005. In German. http://babelfish.altavista.com translates the web page from German into a form of English which can be used to verify facts.
- Report of magazine 'Stern' In German.
- Documentation about the raid on Pforzheim In German and partly in English
- Map which shows the destroyed part of the town
- Short movie
- CD-ROM Pforzheim: Gestern - Zerstört - Heute (before - destroyed - after). Around 1000 photos and movies. Medienzentrum Pforzheim.
- Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 4, 2005, No.28, p.22 (in German)
- Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 9, 2005, No.32, p.18 (in German)
- Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 10, 2005, No.33, p.18 (in German)
- Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 11, 2005, No.34, p.20 (in German)
- Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 12, 2005, No.35, p.25 (in German)
- Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 17, 2005, No.39, p.18 (in German)
- Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 23, 2005, No.44, p.22 (in German)
- Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 25, 2005, No.46, p.24 (in German)
- Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 28, 2005, No.48, p.28 (in German)
- Pforzheimer Zeitung of March 4, 2005, No.52, p.20 (in German)
(Note: The series of Pforzheimer Zeitung articles can be found at "Pforzheimer Zeitung online archive" under "23. February 1945")
- Ursula Moessner-Heckner: Pforzheim. Code Yellowfin. Eine Analyse der Luftangriffe 1944 - 45, Thorbecke, Sigmaringen, Germany; ISBN 3-7995-7402-6 ; (October 1997); still available at Amazon.
- Movie "Code Yellowfin", documentary, Germany 2005, directed by Peter Müller-Buchow
[edit] Notes
- ↑ References Christian Groh Pforzheim and References Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 9, 2005.
- ↑ References RAF Web Site: Campaign Diary October 1944
- ↑ References Pforzheimer Zeitung of March 4, 2005.
- ↑ References Groh
- ↑ References Groh
- ↑ Detlef Siebert British Bombing Strategy in World War Two Page 4 BBC 1 August 2001
- ↑ Yellowfin from References Groh, other information from References RAF Web Site: Campaign Diary February 1945.
- ↑ The tonnage of bombs and the height of the raid can be found in the Reference RAF Web Site: Campaign Diary February 1945.
- ↑ The number of bombs, the height of smoke and the visibility of the fire is reported in References Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 23, 2005.
- ↑ The RAF gives the number of bombers lost for all raids that night, but not the specifics for this raid. But the figures are in line with total RAF losses. The number of 12 aircraft lost is reported in References Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 23, 2005, under headline "Stadt gleicht Feuermeer" which was written by the author of References Pforzheim. Codename Yellowfin, Eine Analyse der Luftangriffe 1944 - 45, Ursula Moessner-Heckner. Mrs. Moessner-Heckner is a historian who was trained at San Jose State University and Berkley in the United States of America and who also taught at San Jose State University. She has conducted extensive research on this subject in archives in Washington D.C., Stanford, London and elsewhere and has actually interviewed RAF crew members who participated in the Pforzheim air raid. She was born in Pforzheim in 1935 and grew up there. (see References Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 23, 2005, under headline "Ursula Moessner-Heckner").
- ↑ Grosssachsenheim as the Luftwaffe base is reported in References Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 23, 2005.
- ↑ Crash reported in References Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 12, 2005.
- ↑ Crash reported in References Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 28, 2005.
- ↑ References 83% RAF Web Site: Campaign Diary February 1945, The German army report is taken from References Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 23, 2005, under headline "Sofortmeldung nach dem Angriff". Its original in German reads: "In den fruehen Abendstunden richtete sich ein schwerer britischer Angriff gegen Pforzheim". Translation by Wikipedia user "Hild".
- ↑ The number of dead 17,600 is taken from References Groh. The rest of the paragraph is from the series of articles in Pforzheimer Zeitung pointed to at the bottom of the References, including References Pforzheimer Zeitung of Febr. 4, Febr. 11, Febr. 17, 2005.
- ↑ The 30,000 people fed by makeshift kitchens is reported in References Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 25, 2005.
- ↑ The Foreign labour taken from References Groh.
- ↑ The number of foreign workers killed in the bombings is reported in References Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 10, 2005.
- ↑ These figures are similar to References Groh, but must be from another source which is not recorded.
- ↑ The information about Pforzheim from References Groh. The name of the "Wallberg" can be found on any decent map of Pforzheim, including the one at the official internet site of the City of Pforzheim (Citymap of Pforzheim), where the Wallberg is indicated under this name with a height of 417.5 meters above sea level.
| Strategic bombing during World War II by the Royal Air Force |
| Overview Documents |
| RAF Bomber Command | Bomber Command | Strategic bombing | Aerial bombing of cities |
| Prominent People |
| Sir Archibald Sinclair | Sir Charles Portal | Norman Bottomley |
| Arthur "Bomber" Harris | Sir Arthur W. Tedder | Professor Lindemann |
| Bombing Campaigns and Operations |
| Chastise | Crossbow | Gomorrah (Hamburg) | Hurricane Augsburg | Berlin | Cologne | Dresden | Heilbronn | Kassel | Pforzheim | Würzburg |
| Aircraft |
| Blenheim | Boston | Halifax | Hampden | Lancaster | Mosquito | Stirling | Ventura | Wellesley | Wellington | Whitley |
| Technology |
| Window | H2S | GEE | Oboe | G-H | Monica |
| Blockbuster bomb | Bouncing bomb | Fire bomb | Grand Slam bomb | Tallboy bomb |
| Tactics |
| Bomber stream | Carpet bombing | Pathfinders |
| Other |
| Aerial Defence of the United Kingdom | USAAF | Luftwaffe |
