Vickers Wellington

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Vickers Wellington

Vickers Wellington B Mk IA
Type	bomber
Manufacturer	Vickers-Armstrongs (Aircraft) Ltd.
Designed by	R.K. Pierson
Maiden flight	15 June 1936
Primary users	RAF, RCAF RNZAF, RAAF
Number built	11,464

The Vickers Wellington was a British twin-engine, medium bomber designed in the mid-1930s at Brooklands in Weybridge, Surrey, by Vickers-Armstrongs' Chief Designer, R.K. Pierson. It was widely used in the first two years of World War II, before being replaced as a bomber by much larger four-engine designs like the Avro Lancaster. The Wellington was popularly known as 'the Wimpy' by service personnel, after J. Wellington Wimpy from the Popeye cartoons.

1 History
2 Variants
3 Operators
4 Survivors
5 Specifications (Wellington Mk IC)
6 References
7 External links
8 Related content

[edit] History

The Wellington used a unique geodetic construction designed by the famous Barnes Wallis for airships and used to build the single-engined Vickers Wellesley bomber. The fuselage was built up from a number of aluminium alloy (duralumin) channel-beams that were formed into a large network. Wooden batons were screwed onto the aluminium, and these were covered with Irish linen, which, covered with many layers of dope, formed the outer skin of the aircraft. The metal lattice gave the plane tremendous strength because any one of the stringers could support some of the weight from even the opposite side of the plane. Blowing out one side's beams would still leave the plane as a whole intact. Wellingtons with huge holes cut out of them continued to return home when other planes would not have survived, the dramatic effect enhanced by the doped fabric skin burning off, leaving the naked frames exposed.

However, the construction system also had some distincts disadvantages, in that it took considerably longer to complete a Wellington than for other designs using monocoque construction techniques. Also, it was not possible to cut holes into the fuselage to provide additional access or equipment fixtures. The Leigh light, for instance, was deployed through the mounting for the absent FN9 ventral turret. Nevertheless, in the late 1930s Vickers succeeded in building Wellingtons at a rate of one per day at Weybridge and 50 per month at Chester. Peak wartime production in 1942 saw monthly rates of 70 achieved at Weybridge, 130 at Chester and 102 at Blackpool.

The Wellington went through a total of sixteen variants during its production life plus a further two training conversions after the war. The prototype serial K4049 designed to satisfy Ministry specification B.9/32, first flew as a Type 271 from Brooklands on 15 June 1936 with J. Summers as pilot, initially the type was named Crecy. After many changes to the design, it was accepted on 15 August 1936 for production with the name Wellington. The first model was the Wellington Mk I, powered a pair of 1,050 hp (780 kW) Bristol Pegasus engines, of which 180 were built, 150 for the Royal Air Force and 30 for the Royal New Zealand Air Force. The Mk I first entered service with No. 9 Squadron RAF in October 1938. Improvements to the turrets resulted in 183 Mk IA Wellingtons and this complement of aircraft equipped the RAF Bomber Command heavy bomber squadrons at the outbreak of war. The Wellington was out-numbered by its twin-engined contemporaries, the Handley Page Hampden and the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley, but would ultimately outlast them in productive service. The first RAF bombing attack of the war was made by Wellingtons of No. 9 and No. 149 Squadrons, along with Bristol Blenheims, on German shipping at Brunsbüttel on September 4, 1939. During this raid, the two Wellingtons became the first aircraft shot down on the Western Front. Wellingtons also participated in the first night raid on Berlin on 25 August 1940. In the first 1000-aircraft raid on Cologne, on May 30, 1942, 599 out of 1046 aircraft were Wellingtons (101 of them were flown by Polish aircrew).

With Bomber Command Wellingtons flew 47,409 operations, dropped 41,823 tons of bombs and lost 1,332 aircraft in action.

In 1944, Wellingtons of Coastal Command were deployed to Greece, and performed various support duties during the RAF involvement in the Greek Civil War. A few Wellingtons were operated by the Hellenic Air Force.

[edit] Variants

Type 271 : The first Wellington bomber prototype.
Type 285 Wellington Mk I : Pre-production prototype. Powered by two Bristol Pegasus X radial piston engines.
Type 290 Wellington Mk I : The first production version. Powered by two 746-kW (1,000-hp) Bristol Pegasus XVIII radial piston engines. Fitted with Vickers gun turrets.
Type 408 Wellington Mk IA : Production version. Powered by two 746-kW (1,000-hp) Bristol Pegasus XVIII radial piston engines. Fitted with Nash & Thomson gun turrets.
Type 416 Wellington Mk IC : The first main production variant was the Mk IC which added waist guns to the Mk IA and a total of 2,685 were produced. The Mk IC had a crew of six; a pilot, radio operator, navigator/bomb aimer, observer/nose gunner, tail gunner and waist gunner.
Type 406 Wellington Mk II : The B Mk II was identical with the exception of the powerplant; utilising the 1,145 hp (855 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin X engine instead—400 were produced at Weybridge.
Type 417 Wellington B.Mk III : The next significant variant was the B Mk III which featured the 1,375 hp (1,205 kW) Bristol Hercules III or XI engine and a four-gun tail turret, instead of two-gun. A total of 1,519 Mk IIIs were built and became mainstays of Bomber Command through 1941.
Type 424 Wellington B.Mk IV : The 220 B Mk IV Wellingtons used the 1,200 hp (895 kW) Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp engine and were flown by two Polish squadrons.

There followed a number of experimental and conversion variants:

Type 298 Wellington Mk II One prototype only. Powered by two 854-kW (1,145-hp) Rolls-Royce Merlin piston engines.
Type 299 Wellington Mk III Two prototypes only.
Type 410 Wellington Mk IV One prototype only. Powered by two Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp radial piston engines.
Type 418 Wellington DWI Mk.I Conversion of 4 Wellington Mk.IA to minesweeping aircraft. Fitted with Ford V-8 petrol engine and Maudsley electrical generator to induce magnetic field in large loop mounted under fuselage. They had a solid nose with a bracket supporting the loop, which was also supported under the rear fuselage and the wings, outboard of the engines. DWI stood for Directional Wireless Installation, a cover story for the true purpose of the loop. Later upgraded to DWI Mk.II standard by installation of De Havilland Gipsy engine for increased generation power. At least 11 further aircraft converted to this standard.^[1]
Type 407 and Type 421 Wellington Mk V Three were built, designed for pressurised, high-altitude operations using turbocharged Hercules VIII engines.
Type 432 Wellington Mk VI One high-altitude prototype only.
Type 442 Wellington B Mk VI Pressurised with a long wingspan and 1,600 hp (1,190 kW) Merlin R6SM engines, 63 were produced and were operated by 109 Squadron and as Gee radio navigation trainers.
Type 449 Wellington Mk VIG Two production aircraft only.
Mk VII Single aircraft, built as a test-bed for the 40 mm Vickers S machine gun turret.
Type 429 Wellington GR Mk VIII Mk IC conversion for Coastal Command service. Roles included reconnaissance, anti-submarine and anti-shipping attack. A Coastal Command Wimpy was the first aircraft to be fitted with the anti-submarine Leigh light
Type 437 Wellington Mk IX One Mk IC conversion for troop transport.
Type 454 and Type 459 Wellington Mk IX The Type 454 and Type 459 are prototypes with ASV.Mk II, ASV.Mk III radars, and powered by two Bristol Hercules VI and XVI radial piston engines.

The most widely produced variant was the Type 440 Wellington B Mk X of which 3,804 were built. It was similar to the Mk III except for the 1,675 hp (1,250 kW) Hercules VI or XVI powerplant and a fuselage structure of light alloy, instead of steel. The Mk X was the basis for a number of Coastal Command conversions; the GR Mk XII was a maritime version armed with torpedoes and with a chin radome housing the ASV Mk III radar - in the nose it had only one machinegun. The GR Mk XI and GR Mk XIII were another maritime variants with an ordinary nose turret and mast radar ASV Mk II instead of chin radome; these variants had no waist guns. The GR Mk XIV restored the radome and added RP-3 explosive rocket rails to the wings.

Finally there were two transport variants.

Wellington C Mk XV : Service conversions of the Wellington Mk IA, into an unarmed transport aircraft. The C Mk XV could carry up to 18 troops.
Wellington C Mk XVI : Service conversions of the Wellington Mk IC, into unarmed transport aircraft. The C Mk XVI could carry up to 18 troops.

Four trainer models were also built or converted.

Type 619 Wellington T.10 : Postwar conversions of the Wellington Bomber into training aircraft. Some sold to France and Greece.
Type 487 Wellington T Mk XVII : Service conversions of the Wellington bomber into training aircraft. Powered by two Bristol Hercules XVII radial piston engines.
Type 490 Wellington T Mk XVIII : Production version. Powered by two Bristol Hercules XVI radial piston engines. 80 built, plus some conversions.
Wellington T Mk XIX : Service conversions of the Wellington Mk X. It was used for navigation training. The Wellington remained in use as a trainer until 1953.

While the Wellington was superseded in the European Theatre, it remained in operational service for much of the war in the Middle East and Far East theatres. It was particularly effective with the South African Air Force in North Africa, where it could fly faster than most of the Italian fighter aircraft, and carried a heavier bomb load than the Italians.

The number of Wellingtons built totalled 11,461 of all versions.

[edit] Operators

Wellington 1A Serial Number N2980 on display at Brooklands

[edit] Survivors

Only two Vickers Wellingtons survive, both in the United Kingdom:

Wellington 1A Serial Number N2980 is on display at the Brooklands Museum of Motor Sport and Aviation at Brooklands, Surrey - recovered from the bottom of Loch Ness, Scotland in 1985.