Charles Borromeo
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| Saint Charles Borromeo | |
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 Carlo Borromeo, by Giovanni Ambrogio Figino (1548 - 1608). Oil on canvas, 41 x 48 cm. Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan |
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| Father of the Clergy | |
| Born | October 2, 1538, Aron |
| Died | November 4, 1584, Milan |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church |
| Beatified | 1602 |
| Canonized | 1610 |
| Major shrine | Milan |
| Feast | November 4 |
| Attributes | cord, red cardinal robes |
| Patronage | against ulcers; apple orchards; bishops; catechists; catechumens; colic; intestinal disorders; Lombardy, Italy; Monterey California; seminarians; spiritual directors; spiritual leaders; starch makers; stomach diseases[citation needed] |
 Saints Portal |
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Saint Charles Borromeo (Italian: Carlo Borromeo; latinized: Carolus Borromeus) (October 2, 1538 – November 4, 1584) was an Italian saint and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
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[edit] First years
The son of Giberto II Borromeo, conte (count) of Arona, and Margherita de' Medici, Carlo Borromeo was born at the castle of Arona on Lago Maggiore. The aristocratic Borromeo family's coat of arms included the Borromean rings, sometimes taken to symbolize the Holy Trinity.
When he was about twelve years old, Carlo's uncle, Giulio Cesare Borromeo, resigned to him an abbacy (the office and dignity of an abbot), the revenue of which he applied wholly in charity to the poor. He studied the civil and canon law at Pavia. In 1554 his father died, and although he had an elder brother, Count Federigo, he was requested by the family to take the management of their domestic affairs. After a time, he resumed his studies, and in 1559 he took his doctoral degree. In 1560 his uncle, Cardinal Angelo de' Medici, was raised to the pontificate as Pius IV.
Borromeo was made protonotary apostolic, entrusted with both the public and the privy seal of the ecclesiastical state, and created cardinal with the administration of Romagna and the March of Ancona, and the supervision of the Franciscans, the Carmelites and the Knights of Malta.
[edit] Archbishop of Milan: early years
He was thus at the age of twenty-two practically the leading statesman of the papal court. Soon afterwards he was raised to the archbishopric of Milan. In compliance with the pope's desire, he lived in great splendor; yet his own temperance and humility were never brought into question. He established an academy of learned persons and published their memoirs as the Noctes Vaticanae.
About the same time he also founded and endowed a college at Pavia, which he dedicated to Saint Justina of Padua, virgin and martyr. On the death of his elder brother Federigo, he was advised to quit the church and marry, that his family might not become extinct.
He declined the proposal however, and became henceforward still more fervent in his exercise of piety and zeal for the welfare of the church. Owing to his influence over Pius IV, he facilitated the final deliberations of the Council of Trent, and he took a large share in the drawing up of the Tridentine Catechism (Catechismus Romanus).
[edit] Work as archbishop
On the death of Pius IV (1566), the skill and diligence of Borromeo contributed materially to suppressing the cabals of the conclave. Subsequently he devoted himself wholly to the reformation of his diocese, which had fallen into an unsatisfactory condition owing to the prolonged absences of its previous archbishops. He made a series of pastoral visits, and restored decency and dignity to divine service.
In conformity with the decrees of the Council of Trent, he cleared the cathedral of its ornate tombs, rich ornaments, banners, arms, sparing not even the monuments of his own relatives. He divided the nave of the church into two compartments for the separation of the sexes.
He extended his reforms to the collegiate churches (even to the fraternities of penitents and particularly that of St. John the Baptist), and to the monasteries.
The great abuses which had overrun the church at this time arose principally from the ignorance of the clergy. Borromeo, therefore, established seminaries, colleges and communities for the education of candidates for holy orders. The most remarkable, perhaps, of his foundations was the fraternity of the Oblates, a society whose members were pledged to give aid to the church when and where it might be required.
He further paved the way for the Golden (or Borromean) League formed in 1586 by the Swiss Catholic cantons of Switzerland to expel heretics if necessary by armed force.
In 1576, when Milan was visited by the plague, he went about giving directions for accommodating the sick and burying the dead, avoiding no danger and sparing no expense. He visited all the neighboring parishes where the contagion raged, distributing money, providing accommodation for the sick, and punishing those, especially the clergy, who were remiss in discharging their duties.
[edit] Controversy and last days
He met with much opposition to his reforms. The governor of the province, and many of the senators, apprehensive that the cardinals' ordinances and proceedings would encroach upon the civil jurisdiction, addressed remonstrances and complaints to the courts of Rome and Madrid.
But Borromeo had more formidable difficulties to struggle with, in the staunch opposition of several religious orders, particularly that of the Humiliati (Brothers of Humility). Some members of that society formed a conspiracy against his life, and a shot was fired at him in the archiepiscopal chapel under circumstances which led to the belief that his escape was miraculous.
The number of his enemies was increased by his successful attack on his Jesuit confessor, Ribera, who with other members of the college of Milan was found to be guilty of unnatural offences. Borromeo's manifold labors and austerities appear to have shortened his life. He was seized with an intermittent fever, and died at Milan on 4 November 1584. He was canonized in 1610, and his feast is celebrated on 4 November.
[edit] Legacy
Besides the Noctes Vaticanae, to which he appears to have contributed, the only literary relics of this intrepid and zealous reformer are some homilies, discourses and sermons, with a collection of letters.
His sermons have been translated into many languages. Contrary to his last wishes, a memorial was erected to him in Duomo di Milano, as well as a statue 20 m high on the hill above Arona, by his admirers who regarded him as the leader of a Counter-Reformation. The famous church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane in Rome is entitled to him.
His nephew, Federico Borromeo (1564-1631), was archbishop of Milan from 1595, and in 1609 founded the Ambrosian Library in that city.
His emblem is the Latin word humilitas (humility) crowned, which is a portion of the Borromeo shield. He is usually represented in art in his cardinal's robes, barefoot, carrying the cross as archbishop; a rope round his neck, one hand raised in blessing, thus recalling his work during the plague. His feast is kept on 4 November.
The work of Giovanni Battista Crespi, the statue is 23 m tall and stands on a plinth 12 m. in height. It was commissioned by Charles’ relative Federico Borromeo.
[edit] Veneration
Devotion to him as a saint was at once shown and gradually grew. The Milanese kept his anniversary as though he were canonized. Then materials were collected for his canonization, and processes were begun at Milan, Pavia, Bologna and other places. In 1604 the cause was sent to the Congregation of Rites. On 1 November, 1610, Paul V solemnly canonized Charles Borromeo and fixed his feast for 4 November.
The position which Charles held in Europe was indeed a very remarkable one. The mass of correspondence both to and by him testifies to the way in which his opinion was sought. The popes under whom he lived -- as has been shown above -- sought his advice. The Catholic sovereigns of Europe, Henry III of France, Philip II of Spain, Mary Queen of Scots and others showed how they valued his influence. His brother cardinals have written in praise of his virtues. Cardinal Valerio of Verona said of him that he was to the well-born a pattern of virtue, to his brother cardinals an example of true nobility. Cardinal Baronius styled him "a second Ambrose, whose early death, lamented by all good men, inflicted great loss on the Church".
It is a matter of interest to know that Catholics in England late in the sixteenth or at the beginning of the seventeenth century had circulated some life of St. Charles in England. Doubtless some knowledge of him had been brought to England by Blessed Edmund Campion, a Jesuit who visited him at Milan in 1580 on his way to England, stopped with him some eight days, and conversed with him every day after dinner. Charles had much to do with England in the days of his assistance to Pius IV, and he had a great veneration for the portrait of Bishop Fisher. Charles also had much to do with Francis Borgia, General of the Jesuits, and with Andrew of Avellino of the Theatines, who gave great help to his work in Milan. There is a Roman Catholic School and Parish named for him in Staten Island, New York.
[edit] Sources, references and external links
- This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913.
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
- GP Giussano, Vita di S. Carlo Borromeo (1610, Eng. ed. by HE Manning, London, 1884)
- A Sala, Documenti circa la vita e la gesta di Borromeo (4 vols., Milan, 1857-1859)
- Chanoine Silvain, Histoire de St Charles Borromeo (Milan, 1884)
- A Cantono, Un grande riformatore del secolo XVI (Florence, 1904); article Borromus in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie (Leipzig, 1897).
- Short biography from Catholic Online
- Biography by Pietro Canetta
- St. Charles Borromeo - Catholic Encyclopedia article
| Preceded by vacant |
Archbishop of Milan February 8, 1560-November 3, 1584 |
Succeeded by Gaspare Visconti |
Categories: Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica | Council of Trent | Counter Reformation | Italian cardinals | Italian saints | People from Lombardy | 1538 births | 1584 deaths
