Cimon
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| Cimon | |
|---|---|
| c. 510–450 BC | |
| Place of birth | Athens |
| Place of death | Salamis, Cyprus |
| Allegiance | Athens |
| Rank | General (Strategos) |
| Battles/wars | Battle of Salamis |
Cimon (Greek Κίμων, Kimōn) (510, Athens-450 BCE, Salamis), was an Athenian statesman and general, and a major political figure of the 470s BC and 460s BC in the ancient city-state (polis) of Athens.
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[edit] Early years
Cimon's mother was Hegesipyle, the daughter of Olorus the King of Thrace. Miltiades, Cimon's father, died in jail because he was unable to pay the fine that was levied against him. The fine passed to Cimon and it was his sister's fiancé Callias, a very wealthy Athenian, who paid it so that he could marry Cimon's sister Elpinice.
According to Plutarch, Cimon was said to have been "as brave as Miltiades, as intelligent as Themistocles and more just than either man". Exceedingly wealthy and living lavishly, Cimon was also reportedly very generous to the people, opening his house to all and feeding the hungry. In addition, he took away the fences from his fields for anyone to eat of the fruits of the land. Parts of the Long Walls that once surrounded Athens were financed by Cimon. Physically, Cimon was imposing, and was said to be able to fill a room with his presence. He was a brilliant soldier, and was honest and merciful. Cimon became renowned for his excellent generalship and innovative stratagems. He was both intelligent and brave. Once after a victory he let his allies take all adornment from the war prisoners and kept only the naked and ill-trained prisoners for the Athenians (presumably as slaves). The allies ridiculed his choice--until the prisoners’ friends and relatives ransomed every one of them at a great price. This left him with enough money to feed his fleet for months and yet give some of the money to the city.
[edit] Military & political career
At this time the two Greek cities Athens and Sparta were rivals. Athens was a democracy and Sparta a militarized oligarchy. They were allied against the Persian empire during the Persian Wars wars between 500 and 449 BC. Cimon was very pro-Spartan, and believed in dual hegemony. He was an oligarch and supported the constitution of Cleisthenes which distributed power between the upper class and middle (hoplite) class.
Cimon served in the Persian Wars and according to Plutarch: "In all the qualities that war demands he was fully the equal of Themistocles and his own father Miltiades". Cimon served with great distinction at the Battle of Salamis.
Cimon entered into politics on the staff of Aristides in Byzantium. It was under Aristides that Cimon grew. He entered into politics in Athens when the people began to grow tired of Themistocles, and because of this they promoted Cimon to the highest honours and offices in the state. When Xerxes's forces approached in 480, Themistocles passed the decree for evacuating Athens and to rely primarily on naval power. It was Cimon who led a procession of youths up to the temple of Athena to burn their knightly horse-bridles as offerings, and to subsequently enlist as marines. In 475 BC, Cimon conquered the island of Skyros for Athens and thus won the Athenians’ hearts by avenging Theseus’ death. According to legend, Lycomedes of the island of Skyros had thrown Theseus off a cliff after he had lost popularity in Athens. Cimon found a tomb with bones alleged to be those of Theseus and he carried these in triumph to Athens.
In the years between the ostracism of Themistocles in 472 and his own loss of prestige in 461, Cimon was the most influential Athenian. He firmly believed in the growth of Athenian power through expansion in the Aegean, and between 478 and 461 he led the forces of the Delian League against the Persian Empire. He was largely successful in expelling the Persian presence from the Aegean, which was replaced by Athenian control. For this, Cimon was said to be an essential factor in the Athenians ability to leverage control away from the Spartans. Furthermore, Cimon was a proponent of policies that enabled the transformation from the Delian League to Athenian Empire; members who were once regarded allies found themselves pressured into mere tribute-payers.
[edit] Ostracism
In the year 464 Sparta experienced the effects of a huge earthquake and the helots revolted. Cimon led 4,000 Athenian hoplites to assist the Spartans. In 462, the Spartans asked for Athenian help with another helot revolt. However, the Spartans, surprised and concerned by Athens' boldness, turned away their fleet (ostensibly because of fear about their revolutionary democracy). The Athenians were enraged with Sparta and took it out particularly on Cimon, who was ostracized in 461.
He was ostracised for ten years, but was returned to Athens early because he was needed to serve in battle facing a Peloponnesian invasion. Cimon's ostracism was revoked by Pericles, one of his main opponents.
[edit] Cyprus campaign
Cimon wished to see Persian power broken, and maintained this objective until his death. Upon his return in 451, he was granted permission from the Assembly to launch a campaign to free Cyprus from the Persian empire. However, Cimon died around 450 while laying siege to Citium during the Salamis, Cyprus campaign (see the Battle of Salamis). The campaign was soon abandoned.
Even on his deathbed, he plotted against his enemies by urging those about to conceal his death from both allied and Persians. His crew was brought back in safety “under the command of Cimon," who by then had been dead for thirty days.
[edit] After his death
- After his death he was revered and honored as a Superior Being in Cition.
[edit] Ships named after Cimon
The Hellenic Navy has repeatedly honored Cimon by naming ships after him
[edit] See also
| The Works of Plutarch | ||
|---|---|---|
| The Works | Parallel Lives | The Moralia | Pseudo-Plutarch | |
| The Lives |
Alcibiades and Coriolanus1 • Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar • Aratus of Sicyon & Artaxerxes and Galba & Otho2 • Aristides and Cato the Elder1 |
|
| The Translators | John Dryden | Thomas North | Jacques Amyot | Philemon Holland | Arthur Hugh Clough | |
|
1 Comparison extant 2 Four unpaired Lives |
||
 Athenian statesmen | Ancient Greece  |
|---|
| Aeschines - Agyrrhius - Alcibiades - Andocides - Archinus - Aristides - Aristogeiton - Aristophon - Autocles |
| Callistratus - Chremonides - Cimon - Cleisthenes - Cleophon - Cleon - Critias |
| - Demades - Demetrius Phalereus - Demochares - Democles - Demosthenes |
| Ephialtes - Eubulus - Hyperbolus - Hypereides - Laches- Lycurgus - Lysicles |
| Miltiades - Moerocles - Nicias - Peisistratus - Pericles - Philinus - Phocion - Themistocles |
| Theramenes - Thrasybulus - Thucydides - Xanthippus |
]]
