Clifford Irving
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Clifford Michael Irving (born November 5, 1930) is an American writer, best known for his "authorized autobiography" of Howard Hughes which turned out to be a hoax.
Contents |
[edit] Early life and writing career
Growing up in New York, Clifford Irving was the son of Dorothy and Jay Irving, a magazine cover artist and the creator of the syndicated comic strip Pottsy about a New York policeman. After graduating in 1947 from Manhattan's High School of Music and Art, Irving attended Cornell University, had a two-year marriage (to Nina Wilcox) and worked on his first novel, On a Darkling Plain (Putnam, 1956) while he was a copy boy at The New York Times. He completed his second novel, The Losers (1958), as he traveled about Europe. While living on the island of Ibiza he met an Englishwoman, Claire Lydon, and they married in 1958, moving to California. The marriage ended when she was killed in Big Sur in an automobile accident.
On a Darkling Plain and The Losers were not financially successful but received excellent reviews. On a Darkling Plain was sometimes compared with another novel set at Cornell, Charles Thompson's Halfway Down the Stairs(1957). John O. Lyons, in his survey, "The College Novel in America: 1962-1974" (Critique, 1974) saw a tendency toward pranks and put-ons in Irving's early work:
- Richard Farina's Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me (1966) continues the iconoclastic Cornell Bildungsroman of the fifties by Clifford Irving, On a Darkling Plain (1956); Charles Thompson, Halfway Down the Stairs (1957); and Robert Gutwillig, After Long Silence (1958). The oscillation between weltschmerz and pranks in these novels was undoubtedly an influence on "The Whole Sick Crew" of Pynchon's V.
Irving himself says this is "all nonsense."
His third novel, The Valley, is a mythic Western, published by McGraw-Hill in 1960. Irving moved in 1962 back to Ibiza with his third wife, English model Fay Brooke. In 1967 he married Swiss/German artist, Edith Sommer, and they had two sons. He was acquainted with art forger Elmyr de Hory and wrote his biography, Fake! (1969). Irving and de Hory are both featured in Orson Welles' documentary F for Fake (1974), which was originally a BBC documentary written by Irving and directed by Francois Reichenbach.
[edit] Hughes' autobiography
After 1958, Howard Hughes had become a recluse who hated any kind of public scrutiny. Whenever he found out that someone was writing an unauthorized biography about him, he bought the writer off. By the 1960s he even refused to appear in court. According to various rumors, he was either terminally ill, mentally unstable, or even dead and replaced by an impersonator.
In 1970, in Spain, Irving met with an author and old friend, Richard Suskind, and created the scheme to write Hughes' "autobiography." Irving and Suskind believed that because Hughes had completely withdrawn from public life, he would never go public to denounce the book. Suskind would do most of the necessary research in news archives. Irving started by writing letters in which he imitated Hughes' handwriting, which he had seen in letters displayed in Newsweek magazine.
Irving contacted his publisher, McGraw-Hill, and claimed that he had corresponded with Hughes because of his book about de Hory and that Hughes had expressed interest in letting him write his autobiography. The McGraw-Hill board invited him to New York where he showed them three forged letters, one of which claimed that Hughes wished to have his biography written but that he wanted the project to remain secret for the time being. The autobiography would be based on interviews Hughes was willing to do with Irving.
McGraw-Hill agreed to the terms and wrote up contracts between Hughes, Irving and the company; Irving forged Hughes' signatures. McGraw-Hill paid an advance of $100,000, with an additional $400,000 that would go to Hughes. Irving later bargained the sum up to $765,000, with $100,000 going to Irving and the rest to Hughes. McGraw-Hill paid by cheque, which Irving had his wife deposit to a Swiss bank account.
Irving and Suskind researched all the available information about Hughes. Irving also created faked interviews supposedly made all over the world, due to Hughes' penchant for meeting in secluded places, which indeed fit with his contemporary image. One of them supposedly happened on a Mexican pyramid. Actually, Irving was meeting his mistress in the stated places.
Irving and Suskind also gained access to the private files of Time-Life, as well as a manuscript by James Phelan, who was ghostwriting memoirs of Noah Dietrich, former business manager to Hughes. Mutual acquaintance Stanley Meyer showed Irving a copy of the manuscript—without Phelan's consent—in the hope that he would be willing to rewrite it in a more publishable format. Irving made a copy of it for his own purposes.
In the early winter of 1971 Irving delivered the manuscript to McGraw-Hill. He also included notes in Hughes' forged handwriting that an expert graphologist declared genuine. Hughes experts at Time-Life were also convinced. McGraw-Hill announced its intention to publish the book in March, 1972.
Several representatives of Hughes' companies and other people who had known him expressed their suspicions. Irving claimed that Hughes had not told them about the book. Journalist Frank McCulloch, who had interviewed Hughes for the last time years before, received an angry call from someone claiming to be Howard Hughes. But when McCulloch read the Irving manuscript, he declared that it was indeed accurate. Mike Wallace interviewed Irving for a news broadcast. Wallace later said his camera crew told him Irving was "a phony. They understood. I didn't. He got me."
McGraw-Hill and Life magazine, which had paid to publish excerpts of the book, continued to support Irving. Osborn Associates, a firm of handwriting experts, declared the writing samples were authentic. Irving had to submit to a lie-detector test, the results of which indicated inconsistencies, but no outright lies.[1] For weeks there was no sign of Hughes.
On January 7, 1972, Hughes finally contacted the outside world. He arranged a telephone conference with seven journalists that had known him years before. It took place two days later and was televised. Hughes denounced Irving, said that he had never even met him, and said that he was still living in the Bahamas. Irving claimed that the voice was probably a fake.
Hughes' lawyer, Chester Davis, filed suit against McGraw-Hill, Life, Clifford Irving and Dell Publications. Swiss authorities investigated a bank account in the name of "H. R. Hughes," which had received $750,000. Edith Irving had opened it with the name "Helga R. Hughes." When Swiss police visited the Irvings on Ibiza, they denied everything, although Clifford Irving tried to hint that he might have been dealing with an impostor. Then James Phelan read an excerpt of the book and realized that a few of the facts had been taken from his book. Finally the Swiss bank identified Edith Irving as the depositor of the funds, and the jig was up.
Eventually the Irvings gave up and confessed on January 28, 1972. They and Suskind were indicted for fraud and appeared in court March 13 and were found guilty June 16. Despite the efforts of Irving's lawyer Maurice Nessen, Irving was convicted and spent 14 months in prison, where he stopped smoking and learned weightlifting. He voluntarily returned the $765,000 advance to his publishers. Suskind was sentenced to six months and served five.
Following his release, Clifford Irving continued to write books, including several bestsellers, most notably Trial, Tom Mix and Pancho Villa, Final Argument and Daddy's Girl. The fraudulent autobiography was published in a private edition in 1999, now out of print. Irving's website features downloads of his new novel and several free chapters of The Autobiography of Howard Hughes.
In July 2005, filming began in Puerto Rico and New York on The Hoax, starring Richard Gere as Clifford Irving. This film is loosely based on the events of the hoax, but Irving has said of the project, "I had nothing to do with this movie, and it had very little to do with me." However, against his wishes, his name appears in credit lists as "technical consultant." The American release is scheduled for April 6, 2007. At the same time the book about the hoax will be reissued by Hyperion.
Irving currently lives in Aspen, Colorado.
[edit] Books of Clifford Irving
- On a Darkling Plain (1956)
- The Losers (1958)
- The Valley (1960)
- The 38th Floor (1965)
- The Battle of Jerusalem (1967)
- Spy (1968)
- Fake! The Story of Elmyr de Hory, the Greatest Art Forger of Our Time (1969)
- Autobiography of Howard Hughes (1971)
- The Hoax (1972)
- The Death Freak (1976)
- The Sleeping Spy (1979)
- Tom Mix and Pancho Villa (1981)
- The Angel of Zin (1983)
- Daddy's Girl (1985)
- Trial (1987)
- Final Argument (1990)
- The Spring (1995)
[edit] Works about Hughes autobiography affair
- Stephen Fay, Lewis Chester and Magnus Linklater. Hoax: The Inside Story of the Howard Hughes-Clifford Irving Affair (1972)
- Clifford Irving. Hoax! (1981)
- F for Fake, a documentary film by Orson Welles (1974), includes a segment on Irving filmed around the time the Hughes autobiography scandal broke.
- Der Scheck heiligt die Mittel, another documentary film by Henry Kolarz on German TV (1974). Richard Suskind played himself.
