Condenser (steam turbine)
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Condenser refers here to the shell and tube heat exchanger (or surface condenser) installed at the outlet of every steam turbine in Thermal power stations of utility companies generally. These condensers are heat exchangers which convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid state, also known as phase transition. In so doing, the latent heat of steam is given out inside the condenser. Where water is in short supply an air cooled condenser is often used. An air cooled condenser is however significantly more expensive and cannot achieve as low a steam turbine backpressure (and therefore less efficient) as a surface condenser.
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[edit] Purpose
The purpose is to condense the outlet (or exhaust) steam from steam turbine to obtain maximum efficiency and also to get the condensed steam in the form of pure water, otherwise known as condensate, (condensate-not to be mistaken with usage of the word condensate in Natural gas condensate in petroleum industry), back to steam generator or (boiler) as boiler feed water.
[edit] Why is it required?
The steam turbine itself is a device to convert the heat in steam to mechanical power. The difference between the heat of steam per unit weight at the inlet to turbine and the heat of steam per unit weight at the outlet to turbine represents the heat given out (or heat drop) in the steam turbine which is converted to mechanical power. The heat drop per unit weight of steam is also measured by the word enthalpy drop. Therefore the more the conversion of heat per pound (or kilogram) of steam to mechanical power in the turbine, the better is its performance or otherwise known as efficiency. By condensing the exhaust steam of turbine, the exhaust pressure is brought down below atmospheric pressure from above atmospheric pressure, increasing the steam pressure drop between inlet and exhaust of steam turbine. This further reduction in exhaust pressure gives out more heat per unit weight of steam input to the steam turbine, for conversion to mechanical power. Most of the heat liberated due to condensing, i.e., latent heat of steam, is carried away by the cooling medium. (water inside tubes in a surface condenser, or droplets in a spray condenser (Heller system) or air around tubes in an air-cooled condenser).
[edit] Construction
The adjacent drawing shows a typical construction of a condenser of about 200 MW capacity and the same is described here. The description is for a two part and one pass condenser. There are variations in fabricating designs depending on the manufacturers, the size of the steam turbine unit, and also some requirements dictated by the site conditions.
[edit] Shell
The shell is the outer most body of the condenser providing arrangement for installation of tubes. The shell is fabricated from fairly thick carbon steel plates. Due to its large size the shell is sufficiently strengthened or stiffened internally with carbon steel plates to give sufficient rigidity for the shell proper. The shell also gives support to number of intermediate support plates for the long tubes, depending on the size of the condenser. These intermediate tube support plates also help to avoid the sagging of long length of tubes. These support plates have sufficient number of holes of suitable diameter drilled with the help of a jig in a suitable drilling machine to facilitate the easy threading of each and every tube during installation or during replacements. At the same time the intermediate tube support plates allow for the free movements of tubes in all directions particularly lengthwise due to expansion and contraction occurring during operation.
The shell is connected to the outlet (exhaust) of the steam turbine by means of an expansion joint made generally of stainless_steel, flanged at both ends. The whole condenser is supported on heavy springs, mounted on steel sole plates at suitable places on the concrete foundation, normally with a slight inclination towards the outlet water box to assist complete water box drainage.
At the bottom of the shell where the condensate is allowed to collect, a sump (often referred to as the hotwell) is provided. This sump is common to both the halves but separated by a partition wall in the middle up to the height of the bottom row of tubes. This is to facilitate the measurement of conductivity of condensate on both sides independently. This is to detect contamination of condensate and from which half side it is.
On each side of the sump pipe connection with a flange is provided for connection to external pump for continuous removal of condensed water during normal operation. This small pipe is also provided with an expansion joint on the sump side to avoid the condenser movement coming on the rigidly mounted pumps.
The inside of shell and outside the tubes as a whole remains under vacuum under normal operating conditions. Inside the tubes the cooling or circulating water passes through.
[edit] Air zone
Inside the shell, a central or side portion longitudinally is separated by an outer shield except at the bottom. This partition is called the Air zone. This air zone is found in all the condensers irrespective of the manufacturers or the size. All the gases released in the condenser due to cooling are taken out via these air zone tubes.
From a suitable portion of this air zone inside the shell an air vent pipe is taken out and brought out of the shell for connection to an air extraction device.
[edit] Tube sheets
At each end of the shell, tube sheet of sufficient thickness generally made of Muntz metal is provided, with holes for the tubes to be inserted and rolled. However at the inlet end each tube is also bellmouthed for streamline entry of water. This is to avoid eddies at the inlet of each tube giving rise to erosion. Some makers also recommend plastic inserts at the entry of tubes to avoid eddies eroding the inlet end. In smaller units some manufacturers use ferrules to seal the tube ends instead of rolling. To take care of length wise expansion of tubes some designs have expansion joint between the shell and the tube sheet allowing the latter to move longitudinally. In smaller units some sag is given to the tubes to take care of tube expansion with both end water boxes fixed rigidly to the shell.
[edit] Water boxes
The tube sheet at each end with tube ends rolled, for each half condenser is enclosed in a fabricated box known as water box, with flanged connection to the tube sheet. The water box cover is provided with minimum of two man holes on hinged covers.
These water boxes on inlet side will also have big size flanged connections for cooling water inlet at lower level for butterfly valves, small vent pipe with hand valve for air venting at higher level, and hand operated drain valve at bottom to drain the water box for maintenance. Similarly on the outlet water box the cooling water connection will have large flanges but at higher level for butterfly valves, vent connection also at higher level but drain connections at lower level. Similarly thermometer pockets are located at inlet and outlet pipes for local measurements cooling water temperature.
In smaller units of the size of about 5 kW, some manufacturers make the condenser shell as well as water boxes of cast iron.
[edit] Tubes
Generally the tubes are made of brass, aluminum brass, cupro nickel, stainless steel or titanium depending on the cooling water chemistry. Also depending on the steam cycle water treatment for the boiler, it may be desirable to avoid tube materials containing copper. The lengths are fixed at about 20 ft (6 m) (for the 200 MW device mentioned above), depending on the size of the condenser. The size chosen is based on transportability from the manufacturers’ site and ease of erection at the installation site. The outer diameter is limited to a maximum of one inch for ease of handling and ease of insertion through the shell tube holes and for rolling at both ends.
[edit] Corrosion
The tubes, the tube sheets and the water boxes are all made up of materials having different compositions and are always in contact with circulating water. This water, depending on its chemical composition, will act as an electrolyte between the metallic composition of tubes and water boxes. This will give rise to electrolytic corrosion which will start from more anodic materials first. The condenser tubes being the lowest in series of anodic material will get corroded first.
'Sea water based condensers,' in particular when sea water has added chemicals pollutants, have the worst corrosion characteristics. River water with pollutants also is not desirable for condenser cooling water.
However due to large quantity of water flow requirement for large condensers, the corrosive effect of sea or river water has to be tolerated and remedial methods have to be adopted.
The concentration of undissolved gases is high over air zone tubes. Therefore these tubes are exposed to higher corrosion rates. Some times these tubes are affected by stress corrosion cracking, if originally stress is not fully relieved during manufacture. To overcome these effects of corrosion some manufacturers provide higher corrosive resistant tubes in this area.
[edit] Effects of corrosion
As the tube ends get corroded there is the possibility of cooling water leakage to the steam side contaminating the condensed steam or condensate, which is harmful to steam generators. The other parts of water boxes may also get affected in the long run requiring repairs or replacements involving long duration shut-downs.
[edit] Protection from corrosion
Cathodic protection is employed to overcome this problem. Sacrificial anodes of zinc (being cheapest) plates are mounted at suitable places inside the water boxes. These zinc plates will get corroded first being in the lowest range of anodes. Hence these zinc anodes require periodic inspection and replacements. This involves comparatively less down time. The water boxes made of steel plates are also protected inside by epoxy paint.
[edit] References
Kent, Robert Thurston (1944). Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, Eleventh Edition: Design and Shop Practice. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. London: Chapman & Hall, Limited.
