Conscription Crisis of 1944
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The Conscription Crisis of 1944 was a political and military crisis in Canada during World War II. It was similar to the Conscription Crisis of 1917, but was not as politically damaging.
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[edit] Background
Canada declared war against Germany on September 10, 1939 and sent one division to Europe, which had no chance for combat before France was completely overrun by Germany. In 1940, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King pledged to limit Canada's direct military involvement in the war. Many Canadians supported Mackenzie King's pledge, even as it became obvious the war would not be quickly resolved.
As in the First World War, young French-Canadians joined the few traditional French-speaking regiments of the Canadian army, such as the Regular-Army Royal 22e Régiment, and several reserve regiments that were mobilized. In the Infantry, barracks life and most training was in French and only the command and radio language was in English.
In the rest of the military, however, units were anglicized, because of the predominance of the radio, and the heavy technical instruction was only available in English-only training centres. The Régiment de Trois-Rivières, a tank unit, was reorganized and fought as an English-speaking unit (the Three Rivers Regiment).
The waste of French-speaking soldiers, sailors and airmen is demonstrated by the career of one of the "Three Rivers" French-speaking officers, Jean Victor Allard. In frustration with the anglicisation of his unit and the side-lining of French-Canadians (including himself), he transferred to the Infantry where he quickly rose to command a battalion and a brigade in World War II, a brigade in Korea, a British Division in post-war NATO and then became Canada's first French-Canadian Chief of Defence Staff.
While units such as the Royal 22e Régiment, Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal, the Régiment de la Chaudière and the Régiment de Maisonneuve all had outstanding records during World War II, some feel that if they had been concentrated into the same brigade (as French-Canadians requested and as now currently exists in the Canadian Armed Forces), it could have become a focus of pride for French-Canada, encouraging the war effort and political support in Quebec. These units were, however, distributed among the various English-speaking divisions of the Canadian Army overseas. Jack Granatstein in his book The Generals (1995 - ISBN 0-7737-2730-2), points out that a shortage of French-speaking staff trained officers meant that any attempt to create an entire Francophone brigade would have likely ended in failure.
Acceptance of French-speaking units was greater in Canada from the start of the Second World War in comparison to the first. While the creation of the 22nd Infantry Battalion (French-Canadian) required large rallies of French-Canadians in 1914, accompanied by political pressure, to overcome Minister Sam Hughes' abhorrence of the idea, this greater acceptance of French-Canadian units, as well as informal use of their language, diminished the ferocity of Quebec's resistance to the war effort.
In June of 1940 the government adopted conscription for home service in the National Resources Mobilization Act (NRMA), which allowed the government to register men and women and move them into jobs considered necessary for wartime production, but did not allow them to be conscripted for overseas service.
By the late summer of 1944, the numbers of new recruits were insufficient to replace war casualties in Europe, particularly among the infantry.
[edit] The Plebiscite of 1942
By 1941 there were enough volunteers for five overseas divisions. Meanwhile the Conservatives were pressuring King to introduce conscription. In April of 1942 King held a plebiscite, which asked the population not to support immediate conscription, but rather to allow the government to take back its promise made during the 1940 election. King's famous remark on the issue, "conscription if necessary, but not necessarily conscription," reflected the ambiguous nature of the plebiscite. Unsurprisingly, the plebiscite was supported by most English Canadians as well as the banned Communist Party of Canada which established Tim Buck "Yes" Committees to campaign for a yes vote. Across Canada, 63% of voters were in favour of conscription with voting English Canadians 83% in favour. The proposal received hardly any support from French Canadians, especially in Quebec, where anti-conscription groups (including one led by Henri Bourassa, the most vocal opponent of conscription in 1917) encouraged 76% of voters to oppose the plebiscite.[1] The government then passed Bill 80, repealing the sections of the NRMA that did not allow for overseas conscription. However, many Canadians still did not support immediate conscription; there were a few riots in Montreal, although these were not on the same scale as the 1917 and 1918 riots. Even in Toronto, a strongly pro-conscription region, Conservative Arthur Meighen was defeated in a by-election after promising to help introduce conscription.
- See Referendums in Canada for detailed results of the 1942 vote.
[edit] Introduction of Conscription
After campaigns in Italy in 1943 and the Normandy invasion in 1944, combined with a lack of volunteers, Canada faced a shortage of troops. When a brigade of soldiers was sent to the Aleutians in 1943, there were hundreds of conscripts in the ranks (the islands were technically North American soil and thus deployment there was not considered "overseas"), and desertions before embarkation were noted. However, no further combat employment was made until early 1945, when 13,000 men were sent overseas, most of whom were from the home service conscripts drafted under the NRMA, rather than from the general population.
King's French-Canadian ministers, and Quebec in general, did not trust Defence Minister Ralston, and King felt it was politically sensible to replace him as Minister of National Defence with the anti-conscription General Andrew McNaughton in November 1944. MacNaughton was unable to produce large numbers of volunteers for the army, although there were numerous volunteers for the navy and air force. Some members of King's cabinet threatened to resign and bring down the government. King finally agreed to a one-time levy of 17,000 NRMA conscripts for overseas service in November 1944. When word of the decision reached soldiers stationed in Terrace, British Columbia, it resulted in the short-lived Terrace Mutiny.
Few conscripts saw combat in Europe: only 2463 men reached units on the front lines. Out of these, 79 lost their lives. Politically, this was a successful gamble for King, as he avoided a drawn-out political crisis and remained in power until his retirement in 1948.
The NRMA men who refused to "go Active" were derisively called "Zombies" both in Canada and overseas; Farley Mowat recalls in his volumes of war memoirs savagely disliking those who wore the uniform but refused to make the same sacrifices he and his comrades were called on to make in Italy and North-West Europe.
[edit] Sources
- Allard, Jean V. . "Mémoires du Général Jean V. Allard". Ottawa, Les Éditions de Mortagne, 1985. ISBN 2-89074-190-7
- Dawson, R. MacGregor . The Conscription Crisis of 1944. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961.
- Francis, R. Douglas, Richard Jones, Donald B. Smith. Destinies: Canadian History Since Confederation. Toronto, Harcourt Canada, 2000. ISBN 0-7747-3665-8
- Granatstein, J.L. . Conscription in the Second World War, 1939-1945: A Study in Political Management. Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1969. ISBN 0-7700-0249-8
- Granatstein, J.L. and J.M. Hitsman. Broken Promises: A History of Conscription in Canada. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1977. ISBN 0-19-540258-8
- Mowat, Farley. The Regiment
- Mowat, Farley. My Father's Son
