Daegu

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Daegu Metropolitan City

Korean name
Revised Romanization	Daegu Gwangyeoksi
McCune-Reischauer	Taegu Kwangyŏksi
Hangul	대구 광역시
Hanja	大邱廣域市
Short name	Daegu (Taegu; 대구)
Statistics
Population	2,464,547 (2005 census)^[1]
Area	885.62 km²
Government	Metropolitan City
Administrative divisions	7 wards (Gu), 1 county (Gun)
Region	Yeongnam
Dialect	Gyeongsang
Location map

Daegu, also spelled Taegu, officially called Daegu Metropolitan City, is the 4th largest city in South Korea after Seoul, Busan, and Incheon.^[2] It is the capital of Gyeongsangbuk-do province, although it is not legally part of that province. As with South Korea's other metropolitan cities, Daegu's government reports directly to the national government. Its geographical location is 35°52′N, 128°36′E.

[edit] History

Main article: History of Daegu

Throughout and before recorded history, Daegu has served as a nexus of transportation, lying as it does at the junction of the Geumho and Nakdong rivers. During the Joseon Dynasty, the city was the administrative, economic and cultural centre of the entire Gyeongsang region.

[edit] Prehistory and early history

Many archaeological investigations in the Greater Daegu area have revealed a large number of settlements and burials of the prehistoric Mumun Pottery Period (c. 1500-300 B.C.). In fact, some of the earliest evidence of Mumun settlement in Gyeongsangdo have been excavated from Siji-dong and Seobyeon-dong (YUM 1999a). Dongcheon-dong is one of the substantial Mumun agricultural villages that have been excavated (YICP 2002). The Dongcheon-dong site dates to the Middle Mumun (c. 850-550 B.C.) and contains the remains of many prehistoric pit-houses and agricultural fields. Megalithic burials (dolmens) have also been found in large numbers in Daegu.

Ancient historical texts indicate that during the Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea period, Daegu was the site of a chiefdom or walled-town polity known in historical records as Dalgubeol. The first mention of Dalgubeol is dated to 261^{[citation needed]}. We know nothing of the earlier history of Dalgubeol, and little of what came later, except that it was absorbed into the kingdom of Silla no later than the fifth century. A number of other chiefdoms are associated with the local area such as Abdok and Abyang.

[edit] Silla

Silla defeated the other Three Kingdoms of Korea in the late 7th century, with assistance from Tang China. Shortly thereafter, in 689, Silla's King Sinmun considered moving the capital from Gyeongju to Daegu, but was unable to do so.^[3] We know of this initiative only through a single line in the Samguk Sagi, but it is presumed that it indicates both an attempt by the Silla king to augment royal authority and the entrenched resistance of the Gyeongju political elites that was the likely cause of the move's failure.^[4]

In the late 1990s archaeologists excavated a large scale fortified Silla site in Dongcheon-dong, Buk-gu (FPCP 2000). The site at Locality 2 consists of the remains of 39 raised-floor buildings enclosed by a formidable ditch-and-palisade system. The excavators hypothesize that the fortified site was a permanent military encampment or barracks. Archaeologists also uncovered a large Silla village dating to the 6th to 7th centuries AD at Siji-dong (YUM 1999b).

The city was given its current name in 757.

Many artifacts of the Silla period are found on Palgongsan around Donghwasa temple in northern Daegu. Donghwasa itself dates from the Silla period, as does the stupa of King Minae.

[edit] Later Three Kingdoms and Goryeo

During the Later Three Kingdoms period, 890-935, Daegu was initially aligned with Hubaekje. In 927, northern Daegu was the site of the Battle of Gong Mountain between the forces of Taebong under Wang Geon and those of Hubaekje under Gyeon Hwon. In this battle, the forces of Taebong were crushed and Wang Geon himself was saved only by the heroism of his general Sin Sunggyeom. However, it appears that the conduct of the Hubaekje forces at this time changed local sympathies to favor Wang Geon, who later became the king of Goryeo.

Numerous place-names and local legends around Daegu still bear witness to the historic battle of 927. Among these are "Ansim," which literally means "peace of mind," said to be the first place where Wang Geon dared to stop after escaping the battle, and "Banwol," or half-moon, where he is said to have stopped and admired the moon before returning to Taebong. A statue commemorating the battle now stands in northern Daegu, as does a memorial to Sin Sunggyeom.

The first edition of the Tripitaka Koreana was stored in Daegu, at the temple of Buinsa.^[5] However, this edition was destroyed when the temple was sacked in 1254, during the Mongol invasions of Korea.^[6]

[edit] Joseon

Always an important transportation center, in the Joseon Dynasty Daegu lay on the Great Yeongnam Road which ran between Seoul and Busan. It lay at the junction of this arterial road and the roads to Gyeongju and Jinju.

In 1601, Daegu became the administrative capital of Gyeongsang province, and the city has been the capital of North Gyeongsang province since that province's formation in 1896.

Daegu's first regular markets were established during the late Joseon period. The most famous of these, and the only one to still be operating, is the Yangnyeongsi herbal medicine market. This became a center of herbal trade in Joseon, and even attracted buyers from neighboring countries. Traders from Japan, who were not permitted to leave the Nakdong River valley, hired messengers to visit the market on their behalf.

[edit] Korean Empire and Japanese rule

Korea began to open to the world in the late 19th century. In 1895, Daegu became the site of one of the country's first modern post offices, as part of the reforms pushed by the Japanese after the murder of Queen Min.^[7]

Beginning in the late 1890s, many Japanese merchants and workers came to Daegu, which lay on the newly-constructed Gyeongbu Line railroad connecting Seoul and Busan.

In 1905, the old fortress wall was surreptitiously destroyed. Only one portion of this, the First Yeongnam Gate, remains, standing now in Dalseong Park. The rest of the fortress wall is remembered only through the names such as the streets Dongseongno and Bukseongno, "east fortress street" and "north fortress street," which now run where the wall once stood, and Seomun Market which once stood at the city's west gate.

The Korean independence movements were active in Daegu. These began as early as 1898, when a branch of the Independence Club was established in the city.^[8] As the demise of the Korean Empire approached in 1907, local citizens led by Seo Sang-don organized the National Debt Repayment Movement. This movement spread nationwide, although it was unsuccessful in its attempt to repay the country's debt through individual donations. Resistance activities continued after the 1910 annexation, notably during the March 1st movement of 1919. At that time, four major demonstrations took place in Daegu, involving an estimated 23,000 people.^[9]

[edit] South Korea

The end of Japanese rule in 1945 brought years of turbulent change to Daegu. Under the USAMGIK provisional military government and the subsequent First Republic, Daegu was a hotbed of unrest. In October 1946, the Daegu uprising took place, one of the most serious incidents of unrest during US military rule.^[10] It was also the site of major demonstrations on February 28, 1960, prior to the fraudulent presidential election of that year.^[11]

Daegu and all of North Gyeongsang saw heavy guerrilla activity in the late 1940s, as thousands of refugees arrived from the fighting in Jeolla.^[12] In November 1948, a unit in Daegu joined the mutiny which had begun in Yeosu the previous month.^[13]

During the Korean War, much heavy fighting occurred nearby along the Nakdong River. Daegu sat inside the Pusan Perimeter, however, and therefore remained in South Korean hands throughout the war. As in many other areas during the Korean War, political killings of dissenters were widespread.

In the second half of the twentieth century, the city underwent explosive growth, and the population has increased more than tenfold since the end of the Korean War. The city was heavily politically favored during the long military dictatorship of Park Chung-hee, when it and the surrounding area served as his political base. Conservative political movements remain powerful in Daegu today.

In the 1980s, Daegu became a separately administered provincial-level Directly Governed City (Jikhalsi), and was redesignated as a Metropolitan City (Gwangyeoksi) in 1995.

On February 18, 2003, a mentally ill man set fire to a train of the Daegu Metropolitan Subway stopped at Jungangno station. The resulting blaze killed nearly 200 people, making the Daegu subway fire one of the worst disasters in South Korea since the end of the Korean War.

Today, Daegu is the 4th largest metropolitan area in Korea with respect to both population and commerce.

[edit] Climate and geography

Daegu sits in a basin surrounded by low mountains. Palgong-san to the north, Biseul-san to the south, the foothills of Gaya-san to the west, and a series of smaller hills in the east.

The Geumho River flows along the northern and eastern edges of the city, emptying in the Nakdong River west of the city.

Because it is located in a basin, the climate of Daegu is hotter than the rest of Korea during the summer. The mountains that comprise the basin trap hot and humid air. Similarly, in winter, cold air lies in the basin. The area receives little precipitation except during the rainy season of summer, and is sunny throughout much of the year. Data gathered since 1961 indicate that the mean temperature for January, the coldest month in Daegu, is -0.7°C. The warmest month in Daegu is August when the mean temperature is 26.3°C [1].

[edit] Economy

The major industries of Daegu are textiles, metals and machineries. The quality of the apples grown around Daegu is renowned around East Asia.^{[citation needed]} Beginning in the late 1990s the central and local government, using a model loosely based on the Italian city of Milan, actively attempted to develop Daegu's textile and clothing manufacturing industries under the 'Daegu:Fashion City'.

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[edit] Culture

Traditionally, people from Daegu have been seen as conservative, modest, hard working, and patient. The women are known as particularly strong willed and beautiful.

Daegu is known as the home of Korean baseball. The Samsung Lions were once again victorious in the Korean Series in 2006. Before the advent of the professional leagues, its high school teams were avidly followed. The city was a co-host of the 2002 FIFA World Cup soccer game. A new football stadium was built for the event.

Traditionally Buddhism was strong, today there are still many temples. Confucianism was popular in Daegu, with a large academy based in the city. Christianity has gained its ground, and churches make up one of its cityscapes today.

Because of the city's rapid growth, the architecture is generally functional and uniform. Some exceptions do exist in older buildings, and in some of the newest, such as Dongdaegu Station, and the Exco building.

[edit] People

Daegu's population is quite homogeneous with few immigrants. A number of immigrants from South and Southeast Asia work in automotive-parts factories on the city's west side. In addition, there is a small group of English-speaking Westerners working in the many English schools. The American military bases are also home to several thousand Americans. Recently many Chinese students have begun studying Korean at universities in Daegu, and there is an increasing number of graduate and post-graduate students from other Asian countries. As elsewhere in Korea, Korean, Chinese, Japanese and Western food is most common but recently Indian/Pakistani and Russian foods have become available.

[edit] Points of interest

[edit] Host venue - 2011 IAAF World Championships in Athletics

On March 27, 2007, Daegu was selected as the host city for the 2011 athletics World Championships. Daegu competed with cities such as Brisbane, Australia to earn the votes of the IAAF Council. South Korea may propose fielding a united team with North Korea at the event.

View of south-western Daegu from Apsan Park, including some of the hills that line the southern edge of the city.

[edit] Parks and temples

Daegu has a number of popular parks including Apsan, Palgongsan, Dalseong, and Duryu Parks. Apsan is a mountain that has many trails, Buddhist temples, a Korean War museum, and a gondola ride to the peak. Palgongsan houses many historic Buddhist temples including Pagyesa and Donghwasa. Dalseong Park sits inside a 1500-year-old earth fortress. Duryu Park has many walking trails, sports facilities, and a large amusement park. Additionally, the Woobang Tower is located in the park at the summit of Duryu Mountain (131 m above sea level).

Nearby tourist attractions include Haeinsa—a Buddhist temple that houses the Tripitaka Koreana (a woodblock edition of the Tripitaka and one of the world's oldest extant complete collections of the Buddhist scriptures)&mdash. Haeinsa is located in Gayasan National Park. The historic city of Gyeongju, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Silla is located southeast of Daegu.

[edit] Educational facilities

There are five universities in Daegu, including Kyungpook National University [2]. It was founded in 1946 and is one of the most recognized and highly ranked national universities in Korea along with Seoul National University and Pusan National University. Yeungnam University, located in nearby Gyeongsan, is one of the most prestigious private universities in Korea outside of the city of Seoul along with Keimyung University in Daegu and Dong-A University in Busan^{[citation needed]}. The Yeungnam University Museum is the largest university museum in Korea. There are some smaller post-secondary institutions such as Daegu University and many technical and professional colleges.

[edit] International Daegu

Daegu hosts four American military bases, Daegu Air Base, Camp Walker, Camp Henry and Camp George, the latter which houses Taegu American School (primarily for children of military personnel). Although non-military families can enroll their children at the school, most either home-school their children or send them to a small Christian private school which teaches about 25 children near downtown Daegu.

[edit] Sports and shopping

Daegu is also home to the K-League soccer club Daegu FC.

The 2011 World Championships in Athletics will be host by Daegu.

Shopping is centered in the downtown. There is main shopping district which is called Dongseongno. There are also a number of department stores. Many of these belong to national or multinational chains, but the local Debec department store also operates two branches.

[edit] Transportation

There are two types of buses which are local and limited express. Limited express buses have more seats, but often passengers are required to stand. As of 2006, Local bus costs 1100 won, Limited express bus costs 1500 won. Tokens for the local bus are available for 950 won at newsstands near many bus stops.

Bus route numbers are made up with 3 digits, each number indicates the area that bus serves. For example, number 407 bus runs from zone four, to zone zero, and then to zone seven. Other routes, usually circular, are named for the districts they serve and numbered 1 through 3. Seven bus maps, one for each gu and also Dalseong gun are available at tourist information centres, unfortunately only in Korean.

Also, there are two subway lines. Fare is 800 to 900 won on distance. For some reason these lines run almost parallel and do not go to the north or south-east.

Traffic is very heavy in downtown and some areas are also heavy many times on the day. However, Daegu's major boulevards handle fairly high volumes of traffic without too much trouble.

Daegu is served by Daegu Airport (international/domestic) located in northeastern Daegu, and also by the KTX highspeed train at Dongdaegu Station, which was re-opened in 2004 after extensive renovations. Saemaul and Mugunghwa trains also depart from Daegu Station, an all-new building with cinemas, restaurants and Lotte Department Store, located near the city centre.

View of southern Daegu as well as the rural area south of the city. The area of the city in the foreground is Beommul-dong and Jisan-dong. Suseong lake and Woobang tower can be seen in the far distance.

[edit] Famous residents

Famous people born in Daegu include former president Roh Tae-woo, Daewoo Group founder Kim Woo Joong, and actresses Son Ye-jin and Lee Jung-hyun. For many years in the 1970s, 80s, and 90s, most winners of the Miss Korea beauty pageant came from Daegu^{[citation needed]}.

[edit] Administrative divisions

Main article: Wards of Daegu

Daegu is divided into 7 wards ("Gu") and 1 county ("Gun").

Name	Hangeul	Hanja
Buk-gu	북구	北區
Dalseo-gu	달서구	達西區
Dong-gu	동구	東區
Jung-gu	중구	中區
Nam-gu	남구	南區
Seo-gu	서구	西區
Suseong-gu	수성구	壽城區
Dalseong-gun	달성군	達城郡

[edit] Sister cities

[edit] Notes

^ National Statistical Office (2005). 행정구역(동읍면)별 인구, 가구 및 주택. Retrieved on November 17, 2006.
^ The 2005 census found that Incheon's population was 2,531,280, while Daegu's was 2,464,547. National Statistical Office (2005). 행정구역(동읍면)별 인구, 가구 및 주택. Retrieved on November 17, 2006. This was the first official census in which Daegu's population was smaller than that of Incheon.
^ Lee (1984), p. 76 and Shin (1999).
^ Lee (1984) and Shin (1999) both make this assumption.
^ Lee (1984), p. 131.
^ Lee (1984), p. 149.
^ Lee (1984), p. 294.
^ Lee (1984), p. 302.
^ Lee (1984), p. 343.
^ Lee (1984), p. 377.
^ Lee (1984), p. 384.
^ Cumings (1997), pp. 243-244.
^ Nahm (1996), p. 379.

[edit] References

Cumings, Bruce. Korea's place in the sun: A modern history. New York: W.W.Norton.

Daegu-Gyeongbuk Historical Society (대구-경북역사연구회). 역사 속의 대구, 대구사람들 (Yeoksa sok-ui Daegu, Daegu saramdeul) (Daegu and its people in history). Seoul: Jungsim. ISBN 89-89524-09-1.

FPCP (Foundation for the Preservation of Cultural Properties). Daegu Chilgok Sam Taekji Munhwayejeok Balguljosa Bogoseo [Excavation Report of the Cultural Site at Localities 2 and 3, Building Area 3, Chilgok, Daegu]. 3 vols. Antiquities Research Report 62. FPCP, Gyeongju, 2000.

Lee, Ki-baik (1984). A new history of Korea, rev. ed. Tr. by E.W. Wagner and E.J. Shultz. Seoul: Ilchogak. ISBN 89-337-0204-0.

Nahm, Andrew C. (1996). Korea: A history of the Korean people, 2nd ed.. Seoul: Hollym. ISBN 1-56591-070-2.

Shin, Hyeong-seok (신형석). (1999). 통일신라의 새로운 수도가 될 뻔했던 대구 (Tongilsilla-ui saeroun sudo-ga doel ppeonhaetteon Daegu) (Daegu, which almost became the new capital of Unified Silla). In Daegu-Gyeongbuk Historical Society, ed., pp. 78-91.

YICP (Yongnam Institute of Cultural Properties). Daegu Dongcheon-dong Chwirak Yujeok [The Settlement Site at Dongcheon-dong, Daegu]. 3 vols. Research Report of Antiquities, Vol. 43. YICP, Daegu, 2002. ISBN 89-88226-41-0

YUM (Yeungnam University Museum). Siji-eui Munhwayujeok I [Cultural Sites of Siji I]. Research Report No. 26. Yeungnam University Museum, Gyeongsan, 1999a.

YUM (Yeungnam University Museum). Siji-eui Munhwayujeok VIII: Chwirakji Bonmun [Cultural Sites of Siji VIII: Settlement Site Text]. Research Report No. 33. Yeungnam University Museum, Gyeongsan, 1999b.