Decolonization of Africa
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The Decolonization of Africa was the withdrawal of colonial powers from Africa after World War II.
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[edit] Background
![Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. Founder of the De Beers Mining Company, one of the first diamond companies, Rhodes was also the owner of the British South Africa Company, which carved out Rhodesia for itself. He wanted to "paint the map [British] red", and once famously declared: "all of these stars... these vast worlds that remain out of reach. If I could, I would annex other planets".](../../../upload/shared/thumb/e/ec/Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png/260px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png)
During the Scramble for Africa in the late nineteenth century, European powers carved up Africa and its resources into political partitions at the Berlin Conference of 1884-85. By 1905, African soil was completely controlled by European might. Britain and France had the largest holdings, but Germany, Spain, Italy, Belgium, and Portugal also had colonies. As a result of colonialism and imperialism, Africa suffered long term effects, such as the loss of important natural resources like gold and rubber, economic devastation, cultural confusion, geopolitical division, and political subjugation.
Europeans often justified this using the theory of the White Man's Burden, an obligation to "civilize" the peoples of Africa.
[edit] Causes
From the African viewpoint, WWII saw the colonies help their colonial masters fight against an unknown enemy, but with no mention of independence for African nations. Some leaders like Verwoerd and Vorster of South Africa supported Hitler while most French colonial governors showed loyalty to the Vichy government until 1943. German wartime propaganda had a part in this defiance of British rule. Because Japan had began its imperial quest in the Far East, there was a shortage of raw materials such as rubber and various minerals. Africa was therefore forced to compensate for this shortage and greatly benefited from this change. Another key problem the Europeans faced were the U-boats patrolling the Atlantic Ocean. This reduced the amount of raw materials being transported to Europe and prompted the creation of local industries in Africa. Local industries in turn caused the creation of new towns, and existing towns doubled in size. As urban community and industry grew so did trade unions. In addition to trade unions, urbanization brought about increased literacy, which allowed for pro-independence newspapers.
In 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill met to discuss the postwar world. The result was the Atlantic Charter. One of the provisions in this document that was introduced by Roosevelt was the autonomy of imperial colonies. Therefore after World War II, there was pressure on Britain to abide by the terms of the Atlantic Charter. When Winston Churchill introduced the Charter to Parliament, he purposely mistranslated the colonies to be recently captured countries by Germany in order to get it passed. After the war, African colonies were still considered "children" and "immature" therefore democratic government was only introduced at the local levels.
By the 1930s, the colonial powers had carefully cultivated a small elite of leaders educated in Western universities and familiar with ideas such as self-determination. These leaders, including some major nationalist leaders were Kenyatta (Kenya), Nkrumah (Gold Coast, Ghana), Senghor (Senegal), and Houphouët-Boigny (Côte d'Ivoire) came to lead the struggle for independence.
[edit] Effects
In most British and French colonies, the transition to independence was relatively peaceful. Some settler colonies however were displeased with the introduction of democratic rule.
In the aftermath of decolonization, Africa displayed political instability, economic disaster, and debt dependence. Political instability occurred with the introductions of Marxist and capitalist influence, along with continuing friction from racial inequalities. Inciting civil war, black nationalist groups participated in violent attacks against white settlers, trying to end "white minority rule" in the government.
Further violence occurred with disagreements over the partitions made during the colonization. Despite widespread acceptance of these partitions, border disputes such as those between Chad and Libya, Ethiopia and Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritrea, and Nigeria and Cameroon are nursed even today.
In another result of colonialism followed by decolonization, the African economy was drained of natural resources with no opportunity to diversify from its colonial export of cash crops. Suffering through famine and drought, Africa struggled to industrialize its poverty stricken work force without sufficient funds.
In an attempt to influence the Third World to adopt the ideology of either capitalism or Communism, the United States and the Soviet Union loaned food and money to Africa. To feed, educate, and modernize its masses, Africa borrowed large sums of money from various nations, bankers and companies. In return, the lenders forced the African countries to devalue their currency and attempted to exert political influence within Africa. The borrowed money, however, did not rehabilitate the devastated economy. Since the massive loans were usually squandered by the mismanagement of corrupt dictators, social issues such as education, health care, and political stability have been ignored.
The byproducts of decolonization including political instability, border disputes, economic ruin, and massive debt continue to plague Africa to this present day.
Due to on-going military occupation, Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara), was never fully decolonized. The majority of the territory is under Moroccan administration; the rest is administered by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
[edit] Timeline
1 The Spanish colonial rule de facto terminated over the Western Sahara (then Rio de Oro), when the territory was passed on to and partitioned between Mauritania and Morocco (which annexes the entire territory in 1979), rendering the declared independence of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic ineffective to the present day (it controls only a small portion east of the Moroccan Wall). Since Spain did not have the right to give away Western Sahara, under international law de jure the territory is still under Spanish administration. The de facto administrator is however Morocco. See United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories
[edit] References
- ^ S. Gertrude Millin, Rhodes, London, 1933, p.138
[edit] See also
[edit] Sources
- Kevin Shillington (1995). History of Africa (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan; Revised edition ISBN 0-312-12598-4
