Denis
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| Saint Denis of Paris | |
|---|---|
 Saint Denis, carrying his head |
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| Martyr, first Bishop of Paris, Holy Helper | |
| Born | Third century, Italy |
| Died | ca. 250, 258,[1] or 270, Montmartre, Paris, France |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholicism |
| Major shrine | Abbey of Saint-Denis, Saint Denis Basilica |
| Feast | 9 October |
| Attributes | carrying his severed head in his hands; a bishop's mitre; city; furnace[2] |
| Patronage | France; Paris; against frenzy; against strife; headaches; hydrophobia; possessed people; rabies |
 Saints Portal |
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Saint Denis of Paris (also called Dionysius, Dennis, or Denys) is a Christian martyr and saint. In the third century, he was bishop of Paris. He was martyred in approximately 250, and is venerated especially in the Roman Catholic Church as patron of Paris, France and one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. The modern name "Denis" derives from the ancient deity Dionysus.
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[edit] Life
Gregory of Tours[3] states that Denis was bishop of the Parisii and was martyred by being beheaded by a sword. The earliest document giving an account of his life and martyrdom, the Passio SS. Dionysii Rustici et Eleutherii dates from c. 600, is mistakenly attributed to the poet Venantius Fortunatus, and is legendary. Nevertheless, it appears from the Passio that Denis was sent from Italy to convert Gaul in the third century, forging a link with the "apostles to the Gauls" reputed to have been sent out under the direction of Pope Fabian. This was after the persecutions under Emperor Decius had all but dissolved the small Christian community at Lutetia.[4] Denis, with his inseparable companions Rusticus and Eleutherius, who were martyred with him, settled on the Ile de la Cité in the River Seine. Roman Paris lay on the higher ground of the Left Bank, away from the river.
[edit] Martyrdom
Denis, having irritated the tempers of heathen priests for his many conversions, was executed by beheading on the highest hill near Paris (now Montmartre), which was likely to have been a druidic holy place. The martyrdom of Denis and his companions gave it its current name, which in Old French means "mountain of martyrs".[1] According to the Golden Legend, after his head was chopped off, Denis picked it up and walked several miles, preaching a sermon the entire way. The site where he stopped preaching and actually died was made into a small shrine that developed into the Saint Denis Basilica, which became the burial place for the kings of France. Another account has his corpse being thrown in the Seine, but recovered and buried later that night by his converts.[2]
[edit] Veneration
Veneration of Saint Denis began soon after his death. The bodies of Saints Denis, Eleutherius, and Rusticus were buried on the spot of their martyrdom, where the construction of the saint's eponymous basilica was begun by Saint Geneviève, assisted by the people of Paris.[5]
In time, the name Saint Denis became the war-cry of the French armies. The oriflamme, which became the standard of France, was the banner consecrated upon his tomb. His veneration spread beyond France when, in 754, Pope Stephen II, who was French, brought veneration of Saint Denis to Rome. Soon his cultus was prevalent throughout Europe.[5]
The feast of Saint Denis was added to the Roman Calendar in 1568 by Pope Pius V, though it had been celebrated since at least 800. Denis' feast day is October 9.[2]
In traditional Catholic practice, Saint Denis is honored as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. Specifically, Denis is invoked against diabolical possession and headaches.[6]
[edit] Companions
October 9 has been traditionally celebrated as the feast of Saint Denis and also of his companions, a priest named Rusticus and a deacon, Eleutherius, who were martyred alongside him and buried with him.
[edit] Confusion with Dionysus the Areopagite
Since at least the ninth century, the legends of Dionysus the Areopagite and Denis of Paris have been often confused. Circa 814, Louis the Pious brought certain writings attributed to Dionysus the Areopagite to France, and since then it became common among the French legendary writers to prove that Denis of Paris was the same Dionysus who was a famous convert and disciple of Saint Paul.[5] The confusion of the personalities of Saint Denis, Dionysus the Areopagite, and pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, the author of the writings ascribed to Dionysius brought to France by Louis, was furthered through an Areopagitica written in 836 by Hilduin, Abbot of Saint-Denis, at the request of Louis the Pious. Historiographers of the present day[7] do not dispute this point.[4]
[edit] Depiction in art
Denis' headless walk has led to his being depicted in art decapitated and dressed as a bishop, holding his own mitred head in his hands.[5] Handling the halo in this circumstance offers a unique challenge for the artist. Some put the halo where the head used to be; others have Saint Denis carrying the halo along with the head.
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b St. Denis and Companions. "Saint of the Day". Retrieved on 2007-01-16.
- ^ a b c Jones, Terry. Denis. Patron Saints Index. Retrieved on 2007-01-16.
- ^ "Beatus Dionysius Parisiorum episcopus diversis pro Christi nomine adfectus poenis praesentem vitam gladio immente finivit." History of the Franks I, 30.
- ^ a b "St. Denis". The Catholic Encyclopedia 4. (1908). Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved on 2007-01-16.
- ^ a b c d Vadnal, Jane (June 1998). Images of Medieval Art and Architecture: Saint Denis. Excerpt from "Sacred and Legendary Art" by Anna Jameson, 1911. Retrieved on 2007-01-16.
- ^ Miller, Jennifer. Fourteen Holy Helpers. Retrieved on 2007-01-16.
- ^ Note that the source for this statement is not contemporary, but is derived from the 1908 Catholic Encyclopedia.
[edit] External links
- St. Denis at Catholic Encyclopedia
- St. Denis and Companions provides information about their feast on October 9
Acacius · Barbara · Blaise · Catherine of Alexandria · Christopher · Cyriacus
Denis · Elmo · Eustace · George · Giles · Margaret the Virgin · Pantaleon · Vitus
