Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
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Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, also known as pseudo-Denys, is the anonymous theologian and philosopher of the 5th century whose Corpus Areopagiticum (body of works by the Areopagite) was pseudonymously ascribed to Dionysius the Areopagite of Acts 17:34. The author was historically believed to be the Areopagite because he claimed acquaintance with biblical characters. His surviving works include the Divine Names, Celestial Hierarchy, Mystical Theology, Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, and various epistles.[1] Some other works are no longer extant, such as Theological Outlines.
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[edit] Teachings
His works are mystical and show strong Neoplatonic influence. For example he uses Plotinus' well known analogy of a sculptor cutting away that which does not enhance the desired image. He shows familiarity with Proclus, which indicates he wrote no earlier than the 5th century, as well as influence from Saint Clement of Alexandria, the Cappadocian Fathers, Origen, and others. There is a distinct difference between Neoplatonism and Eastern Orthodox Christianity. In Neoplatonism, all life returns to the source to be stripped of individual identity, a process called henosis (see Iamblichus) ending in a blank slate. However, in Orthodox Christianity, theosis gives the individual an infinite and divine god-like status (by being united to God the Holy Trinity through participation in His divine energies).[2] The liturgical references in his writings also date his works after the 4th century.
He appears to have belonged to the group which attempted to form a compromise position between monophysitism and the orthodox teaching. His writings first appeared in the 5th century, and were initially used by monophysites to back up parts of their arguments, but they were quickly accepted by other church theologians as well. The Dionysian writings and their mystical teaching were universally accepted throughout the East, amongst both Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians. St. Gregory Palamas, for example, in referring to these writings, calls the author, "an unerring beholder of divine things." And in the West, the manuscripts grew to be very popular amongst theologians in the Middle Ages, but debates over the authenticity of his works began in the Renaissance.
[edit] Medieval misunderstandings
Pierre Abélard, the 12th century theologian and philosopher, after his unfortunate experience with Heloise, became a Benedictine monk at Saint Denis Basilica. Around 1120 he was convicted of teaching Sabellianism and expelled for a short time. Upon his return around 1121, he turned his attention to the story of their patron saint, and discovered three different Dionysiuses. The monks were offended, and Abélard did not remain long at Saint Denis. The great monastery just north of Paris claimed to have the relics (mortal remains) of Dionysius (Dionysius = Denys = Denis = Dennis). The three possible candidates to whom the relics could belong were:
- The 1st century Athenian convert of St. Paul mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles (the Areopagite)
- The 3rd-century bishop of Paris (Denis) who was martyred c. 250
- The 5th century author pseudo-Dionysius, who is possibly the Georgian theologian, Peter the Iberian.
The confusion over the text might stem from the text being an oral tradition (declamatio) that was only at a later date finally put to record. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy "It must also be recognized that 'forgery' is a modern notion. Like Plotinus and the Cappadocians before him, Dionysius does not claim to be an innovator, but rather a communicator of a tradition." [3]
Two of the three men actually were named Dionysius, which was not an uncommon Greek name. The monastery of St. Denis inadvertently conflated the three. They had a good Greek edition of pseudo-Dionysius's works given to them by Charles the Bald, which was translated into Latin by John Scotus Eriugena in the late 9th century. This translation widely popularized both pseudo-Dionysius' teaching and his explanation of the angels.
[edit] Rennaisance discoveries
The Florentine humanist Lorenzo Valla (d. 1457), in his commentaries on the New Testament, did much to establish that the author of the Corpus Areopagiticum could not have been St. Paul's convert, though he was unable to identify the actual historical author. The fictitious literary persona had long been accepted on face value by all its readers, with a couple of exceptions such as Nicholas of Cusa noted by modern historians, but whose reservations went unheard. William Grocyn pursued Valla's lines of text criticism, and Valla's critical viewpoint of the authorship of the highly influential Corpus was accepted and publicized by Erasmus from 1504 onward, for which he was criticized by Catholic theologians. In the Leipzig disputation with Martin Luther, 1519, Johann Eck used the Corpus, specifically the Angelic Hierarchy, as argument for the apostolic origin of papal supremacy, pressing the Platonist analogy, "as above, so below". During the 19th century modernist Catholics too came generally to accept that this self-identified disciple of St. Paul must have lived after the time of Proclus, whose works he paraphrased in transforming Neoplatonism into Christian terms—which is the philosophical approach that had interested the Christian Neoplatonist Valla in the first place.
The compilers of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy[3] find pseudo-Dionysius to be most probably "a pupil of Proclus, perhaps of Syrian origin, who knew enough of Platonism and the Christian tradition to transform them both. Since Proclus died in 485 CE, and since the first clear citation of Dionysius' works is by Severus of Antioch between 518 and 528, then we can place Dionysius' authorship between 485 and 518-28 CE." Though it must be kept in mind that Ammonius Saccas the teacher of Plotinus is depicted as a Christian. The identity of Ammonius Saccas is under some debate but according to the Church historian Eusebius of Caesarea, Saccas (Plotinus' teacher) was a Christian until his death meaning that many of the concepts depicted in the Pseudo-Dionysius would indeed be pre-Proclus. This would also mean that some of the first concepts of Neoplatonicism were authored by a Christian rather than a Pagan.
Georgian academician Shalva Nutsubidze and Belgian professor Ernest Honigmann were authors of a theory identifying pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite with Peter the Iberian.
In dismissing the apostolic authority of pseudo-Dionysius, Protestants have generally discarded the elaborate angelology that he developed.
[edit] See also
- Ammonius Saccas
- Christian Meditation
- Neoplatonism
- Plotinus
- St. Dionysus Institute in Paris
- Vladimir Lossky
- Dionysius the Areopagite
[edit] References
- ^ Pseudo Dionysius: The Complete Works, 1987, Paulist Press, ISBN 0-8091-2838-1
- ^ Vladimir Lossky, The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church, SVS Press, 1997. (ISBN 0-913836-31-1) James Clarke & Co Ltd, 1991. (ISBN 0-227-67919-9)
- ^ a b Pseudo-Dionysius in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
[edit] External links
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (2004) accessed September 1, 2006
- Commentary by Clarence Rolt (1920) on pseudo-Dionysius's works (available in pdf, html, and plain text formats) accessed September 1, 2006
[edit] Works available online
- Celestial Hierarchy accessed September 1, 2006
- Mystical Theology (Theologica Mystica) accessed September 1, 2006
- Works (Corpus Areopagiticum) of pseudo-Dionysius including The Divine Names, Mystical Theology, Celestial Hierarchy, Ecclesiatial Hierarchy, and Letters (available in pdf, HTML, and text formats) accessed September 1, 2006
- De caelesti hierarchia 14th century Greek manuscript found at Constantinople, page images at Oxford Digital Library from Oxford University's Magdalen College
