Village

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A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet, but smaller than a town or city^[1]. Though generally located in rural areas, the term urban village may be applied to certain urban neighbourhoods. Villages normally are permanent with fixed dwellings, however transient villages^[2] can occur. Further, the dwellings of a village are fairly close to one another, as against being scattered broadly over the landscape (‘dispersed settlement’).

Throughout the human past, villages have been the usual form of community for agricultural societies, and even for some non-agricultural societies. Towns and cities were few, and were home to only a small proportion of the population. The Industrial revolution led to growth of the communities into towns and cities, the this trend of urbanisation has continued and hastened since, though not always in connection with industrialisation. Villages have thus been eclipsed in importance, as units of human society and settlement.

Contents 1 Traditional villages 2 India 3 Vietnam 4 Slavic countries 4.1 Bulgaria 4.2 Russia 5 United Kingdom 6 France 7 Argentina 8 Philippines 9 United States 9.1 Incorporated villages 9.2 Unincorporated villages 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 External links

[edit] Traditional villages

Although many types and organizational patterns of village life have existed, the typical village was small, consisting of perhaps 5 to 30 families. Homes were situated together for sociability and defense, and land surrounding the living quarters was farmed.

[edit] India

"The Soul of India lives in its villages", declared M. K. Gandhi ^[3] in the beginning of 20th century. According to the Indian Census of 2001, 74% of Indians live in 638,365 different villages^[4]. Villages in India vary by population, 236,004 Indian villages have a population less than 500. While 3,976 villages have a population of 10,000+. Each village may have its own temple or mosque or church depending on the faith of the people.

[edit] Vietnam

Village, or "làng", is a basis of Vietnam society. Vietnam's village is the typical symbol of Asian agricultural production. Vietnam's village typically contains: a village gate, "lũy tre" (bamboo hedges), "đình làng" (communal house) where "thành hòang" (tutelary god) is worshiped, "đồng lúa" (rice field), "chùa" (pagoda) and houses of all families in the village. All the people in Vietnam's villages usually have a blood relationship. They are farmers who grow rice and have the same traditional handicraft. Vietnam's villages have an important role in society (Vietnamese saying: "Custom rules the law" -"Phép vua thua lệ làng". When someone in Vietnam dies, they always want to be buried in their village.

[edit] Slavic countries

Selo (Cyrillic: село; Polish: sioło) is a Slavic word meaning "village" in Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Russia, Serbia, and Ukraine. For example there are numerous sela called Novo Selo in Bulgaria, and others in Serbia, and Macedonia.

[edit] Bulgaria

In Bulgaria the different types of sela vary in size. From a small selo of 5 to 30 families to one of several thousand people. In Bulgaria it is becoming popular to visit villages for the atmosphere, culture, crafts, hospitality of the people and the surrounding nature. This is called the "selski tourism" (Bulgarian:селски туризъм meaning village tourism) .

[edit] Russia

In Russia, the bulk of the rural population are concentrated in villages. In Russian, two terms are used for these rural settlements: selo (село) or derevnya (деревня) (see a typical selo village - Logduz). Historically, the formal indication of status was religious: a city (gorod) would have a cathedral, a selo would have a church, while a derevnya would have neither.

The lowest administrative unit of Russian Empire, volost, or its Soviet or modern Russian successor, selsoviet, would usually be headquartered in a selo and embrace a few neighboring (selo or derevnya) villages.

Between 1926 and 1989, Russia's rural population shrank from 76 million people to 39 million, due to urbanization and the WWII losses, but has nearly stabilized since.

Most Russian villages have populations of less than 200 people, and it is the smaller villages which take the brunt of depopulation: e.g., in 1959, about one half of Russia's rural population lived in villages of fewer than 500 people, while now less than one third does. (In the 1960s and 70s, the depopulation of the smaller villages was driven by the central planners' drive to get the farm workers out of smaller, "prospect-less" hamlets and into the collective or state farm's main village, with more amenities). ^[5]

Most Russian rural residents are involved in agricultural work, and it is very common for villagers to produce their own food; however, it is not uncommon when village residents work in nearby cities and towns in other industries. As prosperous urbanites purchase village houses for their second homes, Russian villages sometimes are transformed into dacha settlements, used mostly for seasonal residence.

The historically Cossack regions of Southern Russia and parts of Ukraine, with their fertile soil and absence of serfdom, had a rather different pattern of settlement from central and northern Russia. As opposed to the peasants of central Russsia living in a village around the lord's manor, a Cossack family would often live on a farm of their own, called khutor. The word stanitsa (Russian: стани́ца; Ukrainian: станиця, stanytsia) would be used to refer to an administrative unit including a central village as well as a number of such khutors. Such a stanitsa village, often with a few thousand residents, would usually be larger than a selo in central Russia.

Aul is used to refer mostly Muslim-populated villages in Caucasus and Idel-Ural, without regard to the number of residents.

[edit] United Kingdom

A village is a compact settlement of houses, smaller in size than a town, and generally based on agriculture. Villages tend to occur in lowland England where they partly replaced the more scattered pattern of single farms and hamlets in the mid Saxon period. In the UK the main historical distinction between a hamlet and a village is that the latter will have a church, and will therefore usually have been the worship centre of a parish. The typical village used to have a "big house", a pub and shops as well as a blacksmith. However, many of these facilities are now gone and many villages are dormitories for commuters. The population of such a settlement could range from a few hundred people to around five thousand. A village is distinguished from a town in that:

• A village should not have a regular agricultural market, although today such markets are uncommon even in settlements which clearly are towns.
• A village does not have a town hall nor a mayor.
• There should also be a clear green belt or open fields surrounding its parish borders.
• The village should not be under the administrative control of an adjacent town or city.

Due to the vagueness of these definitions, there is some question as to which is the largest village in England. ^{[citations needed]}

[edit] France

Same general definition as in England, see an example Saint-Benoît-du-Sault.

[edit] Argentina

Usually set in remote mountainous areas, some also cater to winter sports and/or tourism, please see: La Cumbrecita, Villa Traful and La Cumbre

[edit] Philippines

In urban areas of the Philippines, the term "village" most commonly refers to private subdivisions, especially gated communities. These villages emerged in the mid-twentieth century and were initially the domain of elite urban dwellers. However, they are now common in Metro Manila and other major cities in the country and their residents can have a wide range of income levels. They may or may not correspond to administrative units (usually barangays) and/or be privately administered. Some examples of well-known villages in Metro Manila are Forbes Park and Dasmariñas Village.

[edit] United States

Main article: Village (United States)

[edit] Incorporated villages

See also: Administrative divisions of New York#Village and Village (Oregon)

In twenty ^[6]U.S. states, the term "village" refers to a specific form of incorporated municipal government, similar to a city but with less authority and geographic scope. However, this is a generality; in many states, there are villages that are an order of magnitude larger than the smallest cities in the state. The distinction is not necessarily based on population, but on the relative powers granted to the different types of municipalities and correspondingly, different obligations to provide specific services to residents.

In some states such as New York, Wisconsin, or Michigan, a village is an incorporated municipality, usually, but not always, within a single town or civil township. Residents pay taxes to the village and town or township and may vote in elections for both as well. In some cases, the village may be coterminous with the town or township. There are also many villages which span the boundaries of more than one town or township, and some villages may even straddle county borders.

There is no limit to the population of a village in New York; Hempstead, the largest village in the state, has 55,000 residents, making it more populous than some of the state's cities. However, villages in the state may not exceed five square miles (13 km²) in area.

In the state of Wisconsin a village is always legally separate from the township(s) that it has been incorporated from. The largest village is Menomonee Falls, which has over 32,000 residents.

Michigan and Illinois also have no set population limit for villages and there are many villages that are larger than cities in those states.

Villages in Ohio are almost always legally separate from any townships that they may have been incorporated from (there are exceptions, such as Chagrin Falls, where the township includes the entirety of the village). They have no area limitations, but must reincorporate as cities if they grow to over 5,000 in population. Villages have the same home-rule rights as cities with fewer of the responsibilities. Unlike cities, they have the option of being either a "statutory village" and running their governments according to state law (with a six-member council serving four-year terms and a mayor who votes only to break ties) or being a "charter village" and writing a charter to run their government as they see fit. ^{[citations needed]}

In Maryland, a locality designated "Village of ..." may be either an incorporated town or a special tax district.^[7] An example of the latter is the Village of Friendship Heights.

In states that have New England towns, a "village" is a center of population or trade, including the town center, in an otherwise sparsely-developed town or city - for instance, the village of Hyannis in the city of the Town of Barnstable.

[edit] Unincorporated villages

In many states, the term "village" is used to refer to a relatively small unincorporated community, similar to a hamlet in New York state. This informal usage may be found even in states that have villages as an incorporated municipality, although such usage might be considered incorrect and confusing.

[edit] See also

• Linear village
• Village green
• Village lock-up
• Ville
• Types of settlements in Russia
• Villages in China
• Microtown

[edit] Footnotes

1. ^ http://www.answers.com/village&r=67
2. ^ http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=%22transient+villages%22&btnG=Search&meta=
3. ^ http://www.pibbng.kar.nic.in/feature1.pdf
4. ^ http://www.censusindia.net/results/2001census_data_index.html
5. ^ Rural Russia measured demographically (Российское село в демографическом измерении). (Russian). This article reports the following census statistics:

   Census year	1959	1970	1979	1989	2002
   Total number of rural settlements in Russia	294059	216845	177047	152922	155289
   Of them, with population 1 to 10 persons	41493	25895	23855	30170	47089
   Of them, with population 11 to 200 persons	186437	132515	105112	80663	68807

6. ^ http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/english/vi/village.html#Definitions
7. ^ 2002 Census of Governments, Individual State Descriptions (PDF)

[edit] External links

Village types:

• African Pygmies Villages
• Picture and sceneries from the Villages of Nepal
• Information about villages in India from GloriousIndia