Forgery

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Criminal law

Part of the common law series
Elements of crimes
Actus reus · Causation · Concurrence
Mens rea · Intention (general)
Intention in English law · Recklessness
Willful blindness · Criminal negligence
Ignorantia juris non excusat
Vicarious liability · Corporate liability
Strict liability
Classes of crimes
Felony/Indictable · Hybrid offence
Misdemeanor/Summary
Infraction
Lesser included offense
Crimes against the person
Assault · Battery · Robbery
Kidnapping · Rape
Mayhem · Manslaughter · Murder
Crimes against property
Burglary · Larceny · Arson
Embezzlement · False pretenses
Extortion · Forgery · Computer crime
Crimes against justice
Obstruction of justice · Bribery
Perjury · Misprision of felony
Inchoate offenses
Solicitation · Attempt
Conspiracy · Accessory
Subsets
Criminal procedure
Criminal defenses
Other areas of the common law
Contract law · Tort law · Property law
Wills and trusts · Evidence
Portals: Law · Criminal justice

Forgery is the process of making or adapting objects or documents (see false document), with the intent to deceive. The similar crime of fraud is the crime of deceiving another, including through the use of objects obtained through forgery. Copies, studio replicas, and reproductions are not considered forgeries, though they may later become forgeries through knowing and willful mis-attributions.

In the 16th century imitators of Albrecht Dürer's style of printmaking improved the market for their own prints by signing them "AD", making them forgeries.

In the 20th century the art market made forgeries highly profitable. There are widespread forgeries of especially valued artists, such as drawings meant to be by Picasso, Klee, and Matisse.

This usage of 'forgery' does not derive from metalwork done at a 'forge', but it has a parallel history. A sense of "to counterfeit" is already in the Anglo-French verb forger "falsify."

Forgery is one of the techniques of fraud, including identity theft. Forgery is one of the threats that have to be addressed by security engineering.

A forgery is essentially concerned with a produced or altered object. Where the prime concern of a forgery is less focused on the object itself— what it is worth or what it "proves"— than on a tacit statement of criticism that is revealed by the reactions the object provokes in others, then the larger process is a hoax. In a hoax, a rumor or a genuine object "planted" in a concocted situation, may substitute for a forged physical object.

1 Forgery as a subject in film
2 Topics in forgery
3 References
4 See also
5 External links

[edit] Forgery as a subject in film

The Orson Welles documentary F for Fake concerns both art and literary forgery. For the movie Welles intercut footage of Elmyr de Hory, an art forger, and Clifford Irving, who wrote an "authorized" autobiography of Howard Hughes that had been revealed to be a hoax. While forgery is the ostensible subject of the film, it also concerns art, film making, storytelling and the creative process.

In the Steven Spielberg 2002 motion picture Catch Me If You Can which is based of the real story of Frank Abagnale, a con man who stole over $2.5 million through forgery, imposture and other frauds is dramatized. His career in crime lasted six years from 1963 to 1969.

[edit] Topics in forgery

Archaeological forgery
- Discoveries of Shinichi Fujimura
- James Ossuary
- Piltdown Man
- Moses Shapira
- Tiara of Saitapharne, Louvre
- Shepton Mallet, Chi-Rho amulet
- The Lady of Elx saw a controversy circa 1995 regarding its authenticity. Recently (2005), the Spanish National Research Council concluded in a research that the pigmentation was, in fact, from ancient times.
- See also Kensington Runestone controversy
- Drake's Plate of Brass {Joke Hoax}
- Sinaia lead plates
Art forgery
- Tom Keating
- Eric Hebborn
- Elmyr de Hory
- Dürer's imitators
- Camille Corot's imitators
- Han van Meegeren's Vermeers
- Michelangelo's Cupid
- Etruscan terracotta warriors, Metropolitan Museum of Art
- The Rospigliosi Cup or The 'Cellini Cup'
- Samson Ceramics forgeries/reproductions
- Black Admiral
- Furniture faking
Literary forgery - these literary forgeries all had some effect on the course of cultural history. Other literary forgeries, such as the Hitler diaries, briefly achieve wide notoriety, without affecting subsequent history; they are brought together as literary hoaxes.
- Epistle to the Laodiceans
- Theology of Aristotle
- Ademar of Chabannes' forged Life of St. Martial
- Thomas Chatterton's pseudo-medieval poetry
- Ossianic poems
- Manuscript of Dvůr Králové and Manuscript of Zelená Hora
- The Book of the Zohar, a primary text of medieval Kabbalah, was written by a 16th century Spanish Rabbi but attributed to Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai, an ancient sage of the Second Temple period. It was widely accepted as genuine until the advent of modern scholarship.
- The Salamander Letter, which offered an alternative account of Joseph Smith's finding of the Book of Mormon, written by master forger Mark Hofmann.
- Jack the Ripper's Diary
- Clifford Irving's Howard Hughes autobiography
Musical Forgery (Music composed by alleged persons but actually composed by someone else)
- W. A. Mozart, "Adelaide" concerto for violin (by Marius Casadesus)
- G. F. Handel, Viola Concerto (by Casadesus)
- J. C. Bach, Cello Concerto (by Casadesus)
- Valentin Strobel, Concerto (by Fetis)
- Works for lute by Sautscheck (by Roman Turovsky-Savchuk)
- Works for lute by Ioannes Leopolita (by Roman Turovsky-Savchuk)
- Works for baroque guitar by Antonio da Costa (by Paulo Galvao)
- "Kanzona" for lute by Francesco Da Milano (by Vladimir Vavilov)
- A.Sychra, Elegy for guitar (by Vladimir Vavilov)
- Fritz Kreisler's works for violin attributed to other composers
Relic forgery - It is not the efficacy of a relic that is in question, but only its provenance.
- cf True Cross
- cf Shroud of Turin
Biblical Archaeology - Ancient artifacts
- Moses Shapira
Political forgery - false documents used for purposes of black propaganda.
- The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
- Secret Circular of the Brahmin Samaj of Balaghat
- Zinoviev Letter
- Tanaka Memorial
- Ems Dispatch (actually more of a document altered by Otto von Bismarck in order to incite a war response from France against Germany)

[edit] References

Robert Cohon, Discovery & Deceit: archaeology & the forger's craft Kansas: Nelson-Atkins Museum, 1996
Oscar Muscarella, The Lie Became Great: the forgery of Ancient Near Eastern cultures, 2000