Four Noble Truths
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The Four Noble Truths (Pali: Cattāri ariyasaccāni, Sanskrit: Catvāri āryasatyāni, Chinese: Sìshèngdì) are one of the most fundamental Buddhist teachings. They appear many times throughout the most ancient Buddhist texts, the Pali Canon. They are among the truths Gautama Buddha realized during his experience of enlightenment.[1] Why the Buddha taught in this way is illuminated by the social context of the time in which he lived. The Buddha was a Śramaṇa, a wandering ascetic whose "aim was to discover the truth and attain happiness"[2] The Buddha claimed to have achieved this aim while under a bodhi tree near the Ganges River; the Four Noble Truths are a formulation of his understanding of the nature of "suffering",[3] the fundamental cause of all suffering, the escape from suffering, and what effort a person can go to so that they themselves can "attain happiness."[4]
These truths are not expressed as a theory or tentative idea, rather the Buddha says:
| “ | These Four Noble Truths, monks, are actual, unerring, not otherwise. Therefore, they are called noble truths.[5] | ” |
The Buddha said that he taught them...
| “ | ...because it is beneficial, it belongs to the fundamentals of the holy life, it leads to disenchantment, to dispassion, to cessation, to peace, to direct knowledge, to enlightenment, to Nirvana. That is why I have declared it.[6] | ” |
This teaching was the basis of the Buddha's first discourse after his enlightenment.[7]
Mahayana Buddhism contains within itself an alternative version of the Four Noble Truths, in which the immortality of the Buddha occupies a central position.
Contents |
[edit] Four Noble Truths
- The Nature of Dukkha: This is the noble truth of "dukkha": Birth is dukkha, aging is dukkha, sickness is dukkha, death is dukkha; union with what is displeasing is dukkha; separation from what is pleasing is dukkha; not to get what one wants is dukkha; in brief, the five aggregates subject to clinging are dukkha.
- The Origin of Dukkha (Samudaya): This is the noble truth of the origin of dukkha: It is this craving which leads to renewed existence, accompanied by delight and lust, seeking delight here and there; that is, craving for sensual pleasures, craving for existence, craving for extermination.
- The Cessation of Dukkha (Nirodha): This is the noble truth of the cessation of dukkha: It is the remainder less fading away and cessation of that same craving, the giving up and relinquishing of it, freedom from it, and non-reliance on it.
- The Way Leading to the Cessation of Dukkha (Magga): This is the noble truth of the way leading to the cessation of dukkha: It is this Noble Eightfold Path; that is, right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration. [7][8]
[edit] Variant Four Noble Truths in Mahayana Buddhism
Certain major Mahayana sutras, including the Mahaparinirvana Sutra and the Angulimaliya Sutra, present variant versions of the Four Noble Truths in line with their own metaphysics and soteriology. The Srimala Sutra accepts the Four Noble Truths, but insists that only the Third - that of the cessation of suffering - is eternaly true. In the Mahaparinirvana Sutra, the Buddha presents a new formulation of the Truths:
- the Truth of Suffering relates to the failure to recognise the eternity of the Buddha;
- the Truth of the Cause of Suffering concerns the perversion and distortion of the True Dharma (i.e. wrongly insisting that the Buddha and Dharma are impermanent);
- the Truth of the Cessation of Suffering relates to the correct meditative cultivation of the tathagatagarbha (indwelling Buddha Essence in all beings) and not erroneously viewing it as non-Self and empty; cessation of suffering also arises with the elimination of inner defilements, when one can then enter into the Buddhic Essence within oneself: "When the afflictions have been eradicated, then one will perceive entry into the tathāgata-garbha";
- the Truth of the Path to the Cessation of Suffering entails envisioning the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha as eternal, unshakeable and indestructible.
The Angulimaliya Sutra similarly emphasises the seeing and knowing of the Buddha's eternality, immutability and peace as the key factors in liberation from suffering; failure to see this eternal nature of ultimate reality is said to constitute the primary cause of beings' continued entrapment in the sufferings of samsara.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
MN = Majjhima Nikaya [9]
SN = Samyutta Nikaya [10]
- ^ MN, p.106.
- ^ A.K. Warder (1970). "Indian Buddhism", 34.
- ^ The term used by the Buddha is dukkha. While suffering - i.e., being in a state of physical or mental pain - is one aspect of dukkha, it is believed by many that suffering is too narrow a translation and that it is best to leave dukkha untranslated: see more at the article Dukkha.
- ^
- ^ MN, p.1856.
- ^ MN, pp.533-536.
- ^ a b SN, 1844.
- ^ (1976) in Leon Feer: The Samyutta Nikaya, 421f..
- ^ Bhikkhu Nanamoli (1995). in Bhikkhu Bodhi: "The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya".
- ^ Bhikkhu Bodhi (2000). "The Collected Discourses of the Buddha: A new translation of the Samyutta Nikaya". Somerville: Wisdom Publications.
The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra in 12 Volumes (Nirvana Publications, 1999-2000), translated by Kosho Yamamoto, edited and revised by Dr. Tony Page.
[edit] External links
- The Four Noble Truths as in the Buddhist Encyclopedia.
- At Access to Insight:
- The Four Noble Truths: A Study Guide (by Thanissaro Bhikkhu)
- Wings to Awakening Section 3.H.i: The Four Noble Truths (translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu)
- Talks given by Ajahn Sumedho:
- At Amaravati Monastery's web: The Four Noble Truths
- PDF version at Buddhanet.net: The Four Noble Truths eBook
- A View on the Four Noble Truths
- The Light of Asia (Book Eight), a poem in iambic pentameter by Sir Edwin Arnold.
- 4 noble truths in pali
- Buddhism - the Four Noble Truths
- The Feeling Buddha: An alternate interpretation of the Four Noble Truths.
- Sixteen Aspects of the Four Noble Truths
- http://www.nirvanasutra.org.uk Nirvana Sutra, for full text of the Mahaparinirvana Sutra and link to other tathagatagarbha sutras (including the Angulimaliya Sutra).
