Glossary of WWII German military terms
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This is a list of words, terms, concepts, and slogans that were used by the German military during World War II. Some have also been used in other times, and some are still in use today. Ranks and translations of the nicknames Germans gave their vehicles during the war are included. Also included are some general terms from the German language found frequently in military jargon. Some terms are from the general German cultural background, others are given to show a change that was made before or after the Nazi era. Some factories that were the primary producers of military equipment, especially tanks, are also given.
[edit] Glossary
[edit] A
- abgeschossen — shot down; destroyed.
- Abschnitt — sector, district.
- Abteilung (Abt.) — detachment, section, battalion.
- Abteilungen - combat team.
- Abwehr — defense; however, this term was also a name for the counter-espionage service (German Secret Service) of the high command, headed by Admiral Canaris.
- Abzeichen — insignia; badge of rank, appointment or distinction.
- Adlerangriffe — "Eagle Attack"; term for projected "decisive attack" by the Luftwaffe on RAF Fighter Command.
- Aggregat-4 (A4) — earlier name for the German V2 rocket.
- AGRU-Front — Technische Ausbildungsgruppe für Front U-Boote – technical training group for front-line U-boats.
- Allgemeine-SS — "General SS"; general body of the Schutzstaffel consisting of full-time, part-time, and honorary members.
- Alte Hasen -- Old hares; slang for military veterans who survived front-line hardships.
- Ami — German slang for an American soldier.
- Amt — office, main office branch.
- Amt Mil — German Army intelligence organization which succeeded the Abwehr.
- Angriff — attack.
- "Arbeit macht frei" — "Work sets you free"; notorious slogan seen in some concentration camps.
- Armee — army.
- Armeeabteilung — command between a corps and an army, an enlarged corps headquarters.
- Armeekorps — infantry corps.
- Armee-Nachrichten-Führer — Army Signals Officer, served on the staff HQ of an Army.
- Armeeoberkommando — Field Army Command.
- Armee-Pionier-Führer — Army Engineer Officer, served on the staff HQ of an Army.
- Armee-Sanitäts-Abteilung — Army medical unit.
- aufgelöst — dissolved; disbanded, written off the order of battle after being destroyed.
- Aufklärung — reconnaissance.
- Aufklärungs-Abteilung — reconnaissance unit or battalion, also used to designate certain battalion-sized units.
- Aus der Traum — literally, "The dream is over"; a slogan painted by German soldiers near the end of the war expressing the surreality of their situation.
- Ausführung (Ausf.) — version, model, variant, batch.
- Ausschreitungen — bloody atrocities (see Greuelerzählungen).
- Auszeichnung — accolade, distinction.
[edit] B
- Banditen — bandits; bewaffnete banden — armed gangs; Soldaten in Zivilkleidung — soldiers in civilian dress; (see Franktireure).
- Batterie — battery, artillery piece.
- Baubelehrung — boat famililarization; when a U-boat crew studied the construction of a new submarine; see "KLA."
- Baupionier — army construction engineer.
- B-Dienst — Beobachtungsdienst, literally, observation service; German Navy cryptanalytical department.
- BDM Bund Deutscher Mädel — League of German Girls, the girls' segment of Hitler Youth.
- BdU — Befehlshaber der U-boote – Commander-in-Chief of the U-boats (Adm. Donitz); see FdU.
- Befehl (pl. Befehle) — order, command.
- Beobachtungswagen — observation or reconnaissance vehicle.
- Bergepanzer — armored salvage or tank-recovery vehicle.
- Beute-Panzer — captured tank or armored vehicle.
- Blechkoller — tin fright; in U-boats, a form of nervous tension that could be caused by depth charge attacks and resulted in violence or hysteria.
- Blitzkrieg — lightning war; fast moving battle tactics developed by German generals, most notably Erwin Rommel, Heinz Guderian, and Erich von Manstein, using massed tanks and ground-attack bombers to speedily penetrate enemy lines at points and move to their rear, causing confusion/panic among them.
- Brückenleger — bridgelayer.
- Brummbär — grumbler; a children's word for "bear" in German. It was the nickname for a mobile artillery piece.
- Bundeswehr — name adopted for the West German armed forces after the fall of the Third Reich (between 1945 and 1955 there was no German army). Consists of Heer (Army), Luftwaffe (Air Force) and Marine (Navy), as well as 'Streitkräftebasis' und 'Sanitätsdienst' (since the late 1990s).
[edit] C
- Chef des Generalstabes — Chief of the General Staff.
- Konzentrationslager — concentration camp, any internment camp for holding "enemies of the Third Reich." The construction of concentration camps began almost immediately after Hitler came to power. There were several kinds: labor camps, prison camps and death camps.
[edit] D
- Daimler Benz (DB) — A producer of military vehicles.
- Deutsches Afrika Korps (DAK) — German troops send to North Africa under the command of Erwin Rommel to prevent the loss of Libya by the Italians.
- Todesmärsche — "Death Marches" – At the end of the war when it became obvious that the German army was trapped between the Soviets to the east and the advancing Allied troops from the west, the Nazis, in an attempt to prevent the liberation of camp inmates, forced them to march westward. Thousands died in these marches.
- Dienstdolch — service dagger (uniform dagger).
- Drahtverhau — barbed-wire entanglement. Slang term used by German soldiers during World Wars I and II for a military-issue mixture of dried vegetables.
- Drang nach Osten — "Push to the East" into Poland.
[edit] E
- Eagle's Nest — English name given to Hitler's mountain-top home at Berchtesgaden in the Bavarian Alps, also known as the Berghof. In German, it is known as the Kehlstein Haus.
- EGz.b. V. — Einsatzgruppe zur besonderen Verwendung – SS Special Purpose Operational Group.
- Ehrendolch — literally, "honor dagger", a presentation dagger awarded for individual recognition, especially by the SS.
- Eichenlaubträger -- oak-leaf cluster to the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.
- Einheit — detachment or unit.
- Einsatz — duty, mission, encouragement.
- Einsatzbereit — statement meaning, "Ready for action."
- Einsatzgruppen "mission groups", or "task forces" — battalion-sized, mobile killing units of the Security Police and SS Security Service or SS Special Action Groups that followed the German armies into occupied territories of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. These units were supported by units of the uniformed German Order Police and auxiliaries of volunteers (Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, and Ukrainian). Their victims, primarily Jews, were executed by shooting and were buried in mass graves from which they were later exhumed and burned. At least a million Jews were killed in this manner. There were four Einsatzgruppen (A, B,C,D), which were subdivided into company-sized Einsatzkommandos.
- Einsatzkommando — company-sized subunits of the Einsatzgruppen which took care of the mobilization and killing of Jews during the German invasion into the Soviet Union.
- Eisenbahn — iron way; railroad.
- Eisernes Kreuz -- iron cross; medal awarded for valorious service.
- Elefant — elephant; an anti-tank Panzerjäger (tank hunter).
- Elektra — a German radio-navigational system.
- Endlösung or Endziel — the "Final Solution"; refers to the genocide planned against the Jewish people.
- Enigma — German message encryption equipment.
- Entmenscht — dehumanized (see Untermenschen).
- Erkennungsmarke — identity tag; "dog tag".
- Ersatz — substitute, replacement, reserves; could refer to replacement troops or any substance used in place of another, e.g., ersatz coffee, ersatz rubber, etc.
- Ersatzbataillone or Marschbataillone — coherent military replacement groups.
- Etappendienst — German naval intelligence department.
- Etappenschwein — (slang) "rear swine" (REMF).
- Exerzierpanzer — practice or exercise tank.
[edit] F
- Fahne (pl. Fahnen) — flag or banner.
- Fallschirmjäger — paratroopers; German airborne troops.
- FdU — Führer der U-Boote; Commander-in-Chief of U-boats (used from WWI to 1939, when title was reduced to Regional Commander).
- Feindbild — enemy image; prejudiced 'bogeyman' image of the enemy.
- Feld — field.
- Feldgendarmerie — German military or field police.
- Feldgrau — field gray; term used to describe the color of the ordinary German soldier's tunic – by extension the soldiers themselves.
- Feldlazarett — field hospital.
- Feldpolizeibeamte — field police officers.
- Feldpost, Feldpostbrief — mail to and from troops at the front.
- Feind — enemy.
- Feindfahrt — enemy trip; in U-boat terminology, a war cruise/patrol against the enemy.
- Festung — fortress.
- Feuerschutz — suppressive fire, covering fire.
- FlaK — Fliegerabwehrkanone, Flug(zeug)abwehrkanone – air defense gun; ballistic ground to air cannon, anti-aircraft gun; e.g., the "eighty-eight".
- FlaK-Helfer — FlaK helper; often underaged troops used to load and operate FlaK batteries.
- FlaKpanzer — anti-aircraft tank, such as the Möbelwagen.
- Flammpanzer — flame-throwing tank.
- Flammenwerfer — flame-thrower.
- Fliegerabwehr-Abteilung — anti-aircraft battalion.
- Fliegerabwehrkanone — see FlaK.
- Fliegerschwert — airman's sword (officers').
- Flucht nach vorn — flight to the front; trying to assault rather than wait or retreat while under threat.
- Flugzeug — aircraft.
- Flug(zeug)abwehrkanone — see FlaK.
- Forschungsamt — intelligence service of the Luftwaffe.
- Franktireure — terrorists; (see Freischärler).
- Franktireurkrieg — terrorist warfare.
- Freikorps — volunteer corps; (see Freiwillige).
- Freischärler — irregular/guerilla (see Widerstandskräfte).
- Freischärlerunwesen — pestering by guerillas; guerilla activities or terrorist incidents.
- Freiwillige — volunteer.
- Fremde Heere Ost/West (FHO/FHW) — Foreign Armies East/West, staff intelligence specialist on subject.
- Fronterlebnis — battle-front experience.
- Frontgemeinschaft — front-line community/comradeship.
- Frontkämpfer — battle-front soldier.
- Frontgemeinschaft — frontline combat soldier.
- Führer — leader; title given to exclusively to Adolf Hitler: Mein Führer, Der Führer.
- Funke — 1.: radio [die Funke, f., slang abbreviation for Funkgerät]; 2.: spark [der Funke, m.].
- Funker — radio operator (from funken [verb], to transmit by radio).
- Füsilier — historic term often used to refer to heavy infantry, originally named after the fusil, or musket, once carried. During WWII, a name given to infantry formations with some recon abilities that replaced an infantry division's recon battalion mid-war when the Germans reduced the number of standard infantry battalions in their divisions from 9 to 6.
- Freya radar — first operational radar with the Kriegsmarine.
[edit] G
- Gauleiter — supreme territorial or regional Nazi party authority(-ies).
- Gebirgsjäger — mountain troops; a mountain unit, might be described as either Gebirgs or Gebirgsjäger.
- gefallen — killed in action.
- Gefreiter — Corporal.
- geheim — secret.
- Geheime Feldpolizei — secret field police.
- Geheimfernschreiber — (literally, "secret distance writer") cipher machine.
- Gemeindepolizei — local police.
- Gemeinschaft — a community of men who shared a great destiny.
- Generalfeldmarschall — Field Marshal.
- Generalkommando — the headquarters of an army corps.
- Generalstab des Heeres (Gen. St.d. H.) — German Army General Staff.
- gepanzert — armored.
- Geschütz — gun.
- Gestapo — Geheime Staatspolizei, literally, secret state police; the official state secret police force of Nazi Germany, coordinated with the Kripo under the SD.
- Gewehr — rifle, such as the Gewehr 43.
- Gift — poison; giftig: poisonous/toxic.
- Gleichschaltung — coordination, coordination of everything into Nazi ideals.
- Goldfasan (Golden pheasant) — derogatory slang term for high-ranking Nazi Party members. Derived from the brown-and-red uniforms similar to the colors of male pheasants and the perceived behaviour of high-ranking party officials living in peace and luxury at home.
- Gothic Line — German defense line in Italy, north of Florence.
- Grabenkrieg — trench warfare.
- Granatwerfer — grenade thrower; mortar.
- Grenadier — traditional term for heavy infantry, adopted during WWII from mid-war onward as a morale-building honorific often indicative of low-grade formations.
- Grenze — border.
- Grenzschutz — border patrol.
- Greuelerzählungen — numerous atrocities.
- Gröfaz — German soldiers' derogatory acronym for Größter Feldherr aller Zeiten, a title initially publicized by Nazi propaganda to refer to Adolf Hitler during the early war years; literally, "Greatest War Lord of all Time".
- Gruppe — group; could be either small or large units.
- Gruppenstab — command staff.
- Gustav Line — German defense line in Italy, centered on the monastery of Monte Cassino.
[edit] H
- Halt — Stop/Freeze.
- Hakenkreuz — (hooked cross) the version of the Swastika used by the Nazi Party.
- Handelsmarine — German merchant marine.
- Hannoversche Maschinenbau AG (Hanomag) – producer of military vehicles.
- Härteübung — hardiness training.
- Haubitze — howitzer.
- Hauptamt Sicherheitspolizei (HA-Sipo) — Security Police headquarters.
- Heckenschützen — terrorist-snipers.
- Heer — regular German Army.
- Heeresgruppekommando (HGr.Kdo) — Army Group Command.
- Heimat — home, homeland.
- Heimatschuß — homeland shot; a wound not severe enough to be permanently disabling but of enough severity to require evacuation from the battlefront. The German soldier's equivalent of the American G.I.'s "million-dollar wound."
- Heldenklau — stealing or snatching of heroes; slang term used to denote the practice of commandeering rear-echelon personnel for front-line service.
- Hetzer — agitators, also the name of a tank-hunter.
- Hilfsfreiwillige (HIWI) — German Army volunteer forces usually made up of Soviet volunteers serving in non-combat capacities.
- Himmelfahrtskommando — literally, "trip to heaven unit", a suicide mission.
- Hinterhalt — ambush.
- Hitler Jugend (HJ) — Hitler Youth organization.
- Hilfswilliger (Hiwi) — Eastern European volunteer "helper" to the military.
- HJ-Fahrtenmesser - Common Dagger specialy designed for the [[Hitler Youth|Hitler Jugend]
- Höckerhindernisse — anti-tank obstacles often referred to as "Dragon's Teeth".
- Hoheitsabzeichen — national insignia (eagle and swastika).
- Hummel — bumble-bee; nickname for a piece of mobile artillery.
- Hundehütte — literally, "dog house", punishment hut.
[edit] I
- Infanterie — infantry.
- Ivan — German slang for a Soviet soldier (similar to "Jerry" or "Kraut", the British and American slang terms for Germans).
[edit] J
- Jabo (Jagdbomber) — fighter-bomber.
- Jagdgeschwader (JG) — single-engine fighter wing.
- Jagdpanzer — tank hunter; armored, mobile tank destroyer.
- Jagd-Kommando — hunting commando; generally refers to a commando outfit that remained behind enemy lines when an area was overrun and would carry out sabotage and other guerrilla actions. These units did not generally operate as such and were later taken over by the SS and used as frontline combat troops in 1944-45.
- Jäger — light infantry; used alone or as part of a specialty such as Gebirgsjäger or Fallschirmjäger. The root Jagd- is also used in its literal meaning of hunter for weapon systems such Jagdtiger.
- jawohl — simply the word "yes" with the emphatic "wohl", which one might translate as "yes, indeed!" or "absolutely yes!" Widely used in WWII, it became strongly associated with the war, such that it is not used in the modern German Army (the Heer).
- Junkerschule — officer academy.
[edit] K
- Kadavergehorsam — "absolute duty and blind obedience till death."
- Kameradschaft — small military unit, or phrase for "comrade support amongst soldiers" (see Volkgemeinschaft).
- Kampf — struggle, fight or conflict.
- Kampfgeist — fighting spirit.
- Kampfgeschwader (KG) — bomber wing.
- Kampfgruppe — battlegroup; formal designation of an ad hoc task force, or informal description of a combat unit at greatly reduced strength.
- Kampfmesser — combat knife.
- Kampfschwimmer — frogman.
- Kampfzone — battle zone.
- Kampfwunde — battle injury.
- Kapo — prisoner who acted as an "overseer" of his fellow inmates in the concentration camps (see Konzentrationslager).
- Kaserne — barracks.
- Kavallerie — cavalry.
- Ketten — track, such as a tank track; tracked vehicle.
- Kettenhund — chained dog, slang for a Military Policeman (derived from the metal gorget worn on a chain around the neck).
- Kettenkraftrad — a tracked motorcycle; also Kettenkrad.
- Kindersärge — children's coffins, slang term applied to small, wooden, antipersonnel box-mines.
- KLA: Kriegsschiffbaulehrabteilung — was a warship-construction training division which supervised a Baubelehrung.
- Kleinkampfverband (K-Verband) — special naval operations by a few frogmen.
- Kleinkrieg — guerrilla war.
- Knochensammlung — gathering the bones of dead soldiers.
- Kommandanten-Schießlehrgang — U-boat Commander's Torpedo Course.
- Kommando — command; detachment; detail.
- Kommissarbefehl — the notorious 6 June 1941 "commissar order" to kill all political commissars in the Red Army and civil government.
- Kompanie — company, unit.
- Konzentrationslager (KZL) — concentration camp.
- Knickebein — crooked leg, also "bent leg" (in sense of "dogleg"); German navigational system using radio beams to guide bombers.
- Krad (Kraft-Radfahrzeug) — motorcycle.
- Kradschütze(n) — motorcycle unit or soldier.
- Kraut — for sauerkraut; slang term used by Americans to refer to Germans.
- Krieg or Krieg(s)- — war or "wartime-".
- Kriegsgefangener — prisoner of war.
- Kriegsgericht — court martial; slang for a war dish or poor meal.
- Kriegsmarine — German Navy, 1935-1945.
- Kriegsneurose — battle fatigue.
- Kriegstagebuch — war diary.
- Kriminalpolizei (Kripo) — Criminal police.
- Krupp (Kp) — famous German steel producer, manufactured most of the tanks, howitzers and heavy mortars, as well as armor plates for battleships (notably and most famously: the Bismarck). Later renamed "Krupps" and still active today in household appliances and various other domains.
- Krupp-Daimler (KD) — See Krupp.
- Kübel — literally, bucket or tub, short for Kübelwagen, open-topped military utility cars.
- Kugel — bullet (also ball)'
- Kugelblitz — literally "ball lightning", fireball.
- Küstenfischkutter (KFK) — patrol vessels constructed to a fishing-vessel design; (see Vorpostenboote).
[edit] L
- Landekopf — beachhead.
- Landratsamt — civil administration.
- Landsturm — historically, infantry of non-professional soldiers; a kind of militia.
- Landser — historical term for a German infantryman; slang: "Schütze Arsch".
- Landwehr — Territorial Army.
- Latrinenparole — latrine talk slang for "rumor talk."
- laufende Nummer — serial number.
- Lebensraum — "living space", or in Hitler-speak the minimum space the German people needed to live in.
- Lehr — demonstration; usually part of the name of an elite formation used as or mobilized from instructional troops, e.g., Panzer Lehr.
- leicht — light, usually to refer a lighter type, such as light tank: leichter Panzer. Several classes of divisions were also classified as "light".
- Liechtenstein — German airborne radar used for nightfighting.
- Lorenz Schlüsselzusatz — German cipher machine.
- Lorenz (navigation) — pre-war blind-landing aid used at many airports. Most German bombers had the radio equipment needed to use it.
- Luchs — lynx; nickname given to a version of the Panzer II.
- Leuchtkugel — signal flare.
- Luftadler — air eagle; Luftwaffe's eagle insignia.
- Luftangriff — air attack, air raid.
- Luftwaffe — air force; the German Air Force.
- Luftschutzpolizei — air raid protection police.
[edit] M
- MAN — German armed anti-Nazi resistance group named after the MAN engineering works in Bavaria.
- Mannschaften — enlisted personnel
- Maus — mouse; nickname for a large, heavy tank that never passed beyond prototype stage.
- Maybach (M) — a company that manufactured engines for many of the German panzers.
- Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg (M.A.N.) — Augsburg-Nuremberg Machine Factory; a German engineering works and truck manufacturer. Now called MAN AG.
- Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen Hannover (MNH) — weapon (tank) development and production firm.
- Maschinengewehr (MG - pronounced 'em-gay') — machine gun, as in the MG-42.
- Maschinenpistole (MP) — submachine gun, as in the MP40.
- Mine (pl. Minen) — an anti-personnel, tank or ship mine.
- Minensuchboote (M-boats) — large minesweepers.
- Mißliebige — undesirables.
- Munitionsschlepper — munitions or ammunition carrier.
- Mütze — cap or small hat, such as the M43 field cap, also known as the Einheitsfeldmütze.
[edit] N
- Nachricht(en) — signals / news / communication.
- Nachschubtruppen — supply troops.
- Nacht und Nebel — night and fog; code for some prisoners that were to be disposed of, leaving no traces.
- Nachtjagdgeschwader (NJG) — night-fighter air wing.
- Nahkampfmesser — close-combat fighting knife.
- Nahverteidigungswaffe — Close Defense Weapon; an attachment to Panzers to combat close-assaulting infantry.
- Nashorn — rhinoceros, nickname for a tank destroyer.
- Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) — National Socialist German Worker's Party – Nazi Party.
- Nationalsozialistische Führungsoffiziere (NSFO) — National Socialist Leadership Officers.
- Nationalsolzialistische Volksfürsorge (NSV) — National Socialist People's Welfare centers.
- Naxos radar detector — "Naxos Z" was developed for night fighters, "Naxos U", was provided to U-boats.
- Nebelwerfer (Nb. W) — fog thrower; rocket artillery, multi-barrel rocket launchers that could be used for smoke or high-explosive projectiles.
- Norden — north.
- NSKK -- the Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps, or National Socialist Motor Corps.
- Nummer (Nr.) — Number; used to describe some divisional organizations with a unit number but no combat assets, often converted to ordinary divisions later on. (E.g., Division Nr. 157.)
[edit] O
- Ober-* — higher; part of several military ranks like Oberleutnant.
- Oberst* — German equivalent of a Colonel.
- Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres (Ob.d.H.) — Commander-in-Chief of the Army.
- Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) — Army High Command; Army General Staff.
- Oberkommando der Kriegsmarine — Navy High Command.
- Oberkommando der Luftwaffe — Supreme Command of the Air Force.
- Oberkommando der Wehrmacht — Armed Forces High Command.
- Offizier-Lager (Oflag) — officer camp; German prisoner of war camp for Allied officers.
- Ordnungspolizei (Orpo) — order police.
- Ortskampf — combat in towns.
- Osten — east.
- Ostjuden — eastern Jews in Poland.
- Ostmark — post-Anschlus Austria.
- Ostpreußen — Province of East Prussia.
[edit] P
- Panje — horse-cart wagon.
- Panzer — armor; German word is derived from Old French pancier, meaning "armor for the belly". It can refer to a tank (see Panzerkampfwagen below), or to an armored formation. (Panzer Division is literally "Tank Division"; the adjective for "armored" is gepanzert.)
- Panzerabwehrkanone (PaK) — anti-tank gun; literally, "tank defence cannon".
- Panzerbefehlswagen (Pz. Bef.Wg) — the commanding tank of any panzer detachment.
- Panzerfaust — a light disposable infantry anti-tank weapon, a small recoilless gun firing a shaped charge grenade.
- Panzerschreck — a heavy re-usable infantry anti-tank weapon firing a rocket-propelled shaped charge grenade. Modelled on the US bazooka. Also called Offenrohr (stovepipe), for its appearance.
- Panzergrenadier — mechanized infantry.
- Panzerjäger — tank hunter, anti-tank weapon; e.g., Elefant.
- Panzerkampfwagen (Pzkpfw.) — armored fighting vehicle; usually a reference to a type of tank.
- Panzerschiffe — armored ships; i.e., "pocket battleships".
- Panzertruppen — tank forces.
- Panzerzerstörer — tank destroyer; name was sometimes also given to units in an attempt to boost morale.
- Pionier (pl. Pioniere) — combat engineer.
- Porsche (P) — company that designed and produced tanks and other military vehicles. They now produce cars.
[edit] Q
- Quist — one of several manufacturers of German helmets both during and after WWII.
[edit] R
- Radikale Niederwerfung — ruthless suppression.
- Rasputitsa — slang for watery, mud-filled trenches or landscape in Russia.
- Räumboote (R-boats) — small motor minesweepers.
- Reich — realm, empire.
- Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD) — compulsory labor service in Nazi Germany.
- Reichsbahn — railway system.
- Reichsführer-SS — Reich Leader of the SS, an office held by Heinrich Himmler.
- Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) — Reich Security Main Office or Reich Security Central Office; organization created by Himmler to coordinate all German security and police departments, including the Gestapo, Kripo and SD (Sicherheitsdienst der SS).
- Reichswehr — name for the German Armed Forces under the Weimar Republic, from 1919 to 1935.
- Reissen und scheissen — slang for aches and bowel runs.
- Reiter — cavalryman.
- Ritterkreuz — Knight's Cross (of the Iron Cross); award for valorous service for those who had already received the Iron Cross. 7318 of these were awarded during the war.
- Ritterkreuzträger — a holder of the Knight's Cross.
- Rollkommando — small unit.
- Rommelspargel — Rommel's asparagus; slanted and barb-wired poles placed in key places behind the Atlantic Wall with the intention of preventing paratroop and glider landings.
- Rotes Kreuz — Red Cross.
[edit] S
- SA — see Sturmabteilung.
- S-Mine — a common type of anti-personnel landmine.
- Sanität — (1) medical unit; (2) medical personnel.
- Sanka — acronym for Sanitätskraftfahrtzeug, a term for German field ambulances.
- Saukopf — pig's head, used to refer to the shape of a gun mantlet or mount.
- Schanzzeug — entrenching tool; slang term for fork and knife.
- Scharfschütze — sharpshooter, sniper, marksman.
- Schatten — shadow; used to describe division headquarters that controlled just a few combat assets, usually for the purpose of misleading enemy intelligence.
- Schlacht — battle.
- Schlachtschiff — battleship.
- schnell — fast.
- Schnellboot (S-boot) — motor torpedo boat (British term, E-boat, for "enemy").
- Schnelltruppen — mechanized troops (whether armor or infantry).
- Schrecklichkeit — using terror against civilians.
- Schutzhaft — protective custody.
- Schutzpolizei — uniformed police.
- Schutzstaffel (SS) — protective squads; operated the concentration camps; (1) elite "Black Shirts" guard of the Nazi Party; (2) Shock Troops on battlefields. Had a tri-force structure: original Allgemeine SS, later organized as SS-Totenkopf, then finally reorganized as the SS-Verfügungstruppen.
- Schürze — skirting, armor skirting added to tanks to give additional protection
- Schütze — rifleman; see also Scharfschütze.
- Schützenpanzerwagen (SPW) — armored half-track.
- Schutzhaft — protective custody; a euphemism for the power to imprison people without judicial proceedings, typically in concentration camps.
- Schutzhaftbefehl — detention order; document declaring that a detained person desired to be imprisoned; normally this signature was forced by torture.
- Schwadron (pl. Schwadrone) — squadron; used in the cavalry, a squadron was basically company-sized.
- Schwarze Kapelle — Black Orchestra; a term used to describe a group of conspirators within the German Army who plotted to overthrow Hitler and came near to successfully assassinating him on July 20, 1944.
- Schweinereien — "scandalous acts" – crimes against civilians.
- schwer — (1) adjective meaning "heavy", the word "gross" (large) can mean the same; (2) hard/difficult.
- Schwerer Kreuzer — heavy cruiser.
- Schwert — sword.
- Schwimmpanzer — amphibious or "swimming" tank.
- SD — see Sicherheitsdienst.
- Seekriegsleitung (SKL) — directorate of the Naval War.
- Seitengewehr — bayonet.
- Selbstfahrlafette — self-propelled.
- Selbstschutz — ethnic German civilian militia.
- Sicherheitsdienst (SD) — security department; the Nazi Party security service, intelligence gathering, and counter-espionage wings of the RSHA headed by Reinhard Heydrich.
- Sicherheitspolizei (Sipo) — secret security police, namely the Kripo and Gestapo; the Nazi Party's own internal intelligence and security service.
- Sicherungsflottillen — (1) escort ships, (2) paramilitary organization of unemployed ex-soldiers, who were recruited to protect Nazi speakers, and because of their clothing were called "Brown Shirts".
- Sigrunen — the name of the double "S" runes used by the SS.
- Sipo — see Sicherheitspolizei.
- Sippenverhaftung — the practice of arresting members of a person's family for political crimes or treason committed by that person.
- Soldat — soldier/enlisted man.
- Soldbuch — pay book carried by every member of the German armed forces. Unit information, a record of all equipment issued, and other details were entered into this book.
- Sonderbehandlung — special treatment; a Nazi euphemism meaning torture or killing of people in detention.
- Sonderfahndungslisten — wanted-persons list.
- Sonderkommando — special unit; an official term that applied to certain German and foreign SS units that operated in German-occupied areas. They were responsible for the liquidation of persons not desirable to the Nazi government.
- Sonderkraftfahrzeug (Sd. Kfz.) — special purpose motor vehicle, usually abbreviated and referring to an Ordinance Inventory Number.
- Sonderreferat — special administrative section.
- Späher — scout.
- Spähwagen — scout/reconnaissance vehicle.
- Sperrlinie - blocking line.
- Sperrschule — Mine Warfare School at Kiel-Wik.
- Spieß — colloquial name for the highest-ranking non-commissioned officer in a company, usually a Hauptfeldwebel. He exercised more authority than his American counterpart (Sergeant-Major).
- SS — see Schutzstaffel.
- SSTV — SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS Death's Head Units).
- SS-Verfügungstruppen — "units available" or military formations of the SS, renamed Waffen-SS in early 1940.
- Stab (pl. Stäbe) — staff, sometimes HQ.
- Stabsfeldwebel — Staff Sergeant.
- Stacheldraht — barbed wire.
- Stadtkommandant — military commander of a city.
- Staffel — squadron; the smallest operational air unit.
- Stahlhelm — (1) literally steel helmet; (2) inter-war nationalist organization.
- Stalag — acronym for Stammlager, German prisoner-of-war camp for ranks other than officers.
- Standarte — SS unit equivalent to a regiment.
- Stielhandgranate — stick hand grenade: the "potato masher" Model 24 grenade.
- Stellung — position.
- Stoßtruppen — shock or attack troops.
- Stuka — acronym for Sturzkampfflugzeug, literally, dive-bombing aircraft. Used to designate the German Ju-87 dive bombers which were prevalent early in the war.
- Stukageschwader — a Ju-87 air wing.
- Stupa — a Sturmpanzer IV assault gun.
- Sturm — assault.
- Sturmabteilung (SA) — storm troopers, not part of the army, basically, in the beginning Hitler's praetorian guard (bodyguard) of "brown shirts" as a faction of the Nazi party, later dismissed by the Schutzstaffel (SS).
- Sturmbann [plural: Sturmbanne] — a battalion; used by SA and SS units until 1940.
- Sturmgeschütz (StuG) — self-propelled assault gun, such as the Sturmgeschütz III.
- Sturmgewehr — assault rifle.
- Süden — south.
- Swastika — also known as Hakenkreuz.
[edit] T
- Tauchpanzer — submersible tank.
- Teilkommando — a small, section-sized command group.
- Tiger — nickname given to the PzKW Panzer VI "Tiger I" and "Tiger II" series of tanks, as well as the Jagdtiger and Sturmtiger built on the same chassis.
- Tommy — German slang for a British soldier (similar to "Jerry" or "Kraut", the British and American slang terms for Germans).
- Tropenhelm — pith helmet; a wide-rimmed helmet used in tropical areas, most notably by the Afrika Korps.
- tot — dead.
- Totenkopf — death's head.
- Totenkopfverbände — Death's Head units, employed earlier as guards in concentration camps, they later became the first unit of the Waffen-SS, the SS Division Totenkopf.
- Totenkopfwachsturmbanne — Death's Head Guard battalions; units of the SS that guarded concentration camps during the war.
- Truppenamt — "Troop Office", the disguised Army General Staff after the Versailles Treaty abolished the German Army General Staff.
[edit] U
- UAA — see U-Fahrausbildungslehrgang.
- U-bootjäger (UJ-boats) — steam trawlers equipped for anti-submarine operations.
- U-Fahrausbildungslehrgang — where submarine personnel learned to operate U-boats.
- U-Lehrdivision (ULD) — U-boat Training Division (see Kommandanten-Schießlehrgang).
- Untermenschen — those peoples the Nazis derided as subhuman (see Entmenscht).
- Unteroffizier — non-commissioned officer.
- Unterführer — non-commissioned officer.
- Unterseeboot (U-boat) — submarine.
- Urlaub — furlough; also: vacation.
[edit] V
- V1 — the first of the operational German weapons of vengeance, or Vergeltungswaffen – the V-1 was a pilotless flying bomb powered by a pulse-jet engine and carried an 850 kg (1875 lb) high-explosive warhead. They had a range of up to 200 km. Nicknamed "buzz bombs" by Allied troops ("doodlebug" by Australians) due to the sound they made.
- V2 Rocket — Also known as the A4, the successor to the V-1 was a long-range rocket powered by liquid oxygen and alcohol, it had a 975 kg (2150 lb) high-explosive warhead and a range of 320 km.
- V3 — long-range, smooth-bore gun designed to fire shells carrying up to a 10 kg (22 lb) high-explosive warhead at a range of 93 km. It was never very successful as most installations were destroyed by bombing before they could be used.
- Verband — formation (from a battalion to a brigade).
- verdächtige Elemente/Personen — suspicious elements/persons.
- Verfügungs Truppen-SS — units-available branch; developed from various counter-revolutionary or counter-terrorist units.
- Vergeltungsmaßnahmen — reprisals; retaliatory punitive measures.
- Vernichtungskrieg — (1)"war of annihilation" against (1) USSR civilians, (2) dogmatic offensive.
- Vernichtungslager — extermination camp.
- Versuchskonstruktion — prototype.
- Vichy France — French regime set up in the city of Vichy under Marshal Petain in collaboration with the Germans following the fall of France in 1940. It governed the southern half of France until its dissolution in 1944.
- völkisch — an adjective used to describe the racist, nationalist ideology which divided people into "pure" Aryans and inferior Untermenschen.
- Volksdeutsche — ethnic Germans.
- Volksgemeinschaft — national community or civilian population; public support (see Kameradschaft).
- Volksgrenadier — "People's Infantryman", a morale-building honorific given to low-grade infantry divisions raised or reconstituted in the last months of the war.
- Volkskrieg — "People's War".
- Volkssturm — people's semi-military defense force, made up mostly of boys and older men.
- Volkstumskampf — ethnic struggle.
- Vorpostenboote (VP-boats) — coastal escort work, with anti-submarine and minesweeeping gear. Also called Küstenfischkutter (KFK), as they were patrol vessels constructed to a fishing-vessel design.
[edit] W
- Wabos — in U-boat terminology, the nickname for Wasserbomben, literally depth charges.
- Wach- — guard (in conjunction).
- Waffe (pl. Waffen) — weapon, or can be an adjective meaning "armed".
- Waffenamt — arms inspection stamp or mark.
- Waffen-SS — militarized combat branch of the SS.
- Wagen — vehicle, car.
- Wehrkraftzersetzung — undermining the fighting spirit of the troops.
- Wehrkreis — Geman military district centered on an important city.
- Wehrmacht — German armed forced under the Third Reich consisting of three branches: the Heer (Army), the Luftwaffe (Air Force), and the Kriegsmarine (Navy).
- Wehrmachtsführungsstab — Armed Forces Operations Staff.
- Wehrmachtsadler — the Wehrmacht's eagle insignia.
- Wehrmachtsgefolge — Armed Forces Auxiliaries. These include those organizations that were not a part of the armed forces but which served such an important support role that they were given protection under the Geneva Convention and/or militarized. The armed forces auxiliaries consisted in part of the Reicharbeitsdienst, NSKK, Organization Todt, and the Volkssturm.
- Werwolf — German guerrilla fighters dedicated to harass Allied rear areas. Initially conceived as an adjunct to the Jagd-Kommando units and placed under the command of Otto Skorzeny, the idea was later appropriated by Joseph Goebbels to represent the general rising up of the German people to defend against foreign invasion. It was not widely effective or organized, and there were only a few known instances of involvement, mainly after the war ended and mostly in the Eastern regions.
- Wespe — wasp, a self-propelled 105 mm artillery piece mounted on the PzKpfw II chassis.
- Widerstandskräfte — insurgents (see Freischärler).
- Wolfsschanze — Wolf's Lair; code name for Hitler's headquarters near Rastenburg in East-Prussia.
- Wotan (navigation) — alternative name for Y-Gerät radio radio navigation system.
- Würzburg radar — German radar that went into service in 1940 and over 3,000 of all variants were built.
[edit] X
- X-Gerät — "X-device" or "X-equipment"; equipment using "X" guidance on German aircraft.
[edit] Y
- Y-Beam — German aircraft navigational system which utilized a single station that radiated a directional beam plus a ranging signal which the bomber picked up and re-transmitted to enable the ground controllers to compute the range and know when to order the bombs to be dropped.
- Y-Gerät — equipment for using "Y" guidance on German aircraft.
[edit] Z
- Z3 — pioneering computer developed by Konrad Zuse in 1941, it was destroyed by bombardment in 1944.
- z.b.V. — see Zur besonderen Verwendung.
- Zeltbahn — a triangular or square shelter quarter made of closely-woven, water-repellent cotton duck. It could be used on its own as a poncho or put together with others to create shelters and tents. Also called Zeltplane.
- Zentralstelle II P — Central office II P (Poland).
- Ziel — target, objective.
- Zimmerit — an anti-magnetic mine paste applied on the armor of German tanks to prevent magnetic mines from being attached. It was similar to cement, and was applied on the tanks with a rake, giving the vehicle a rough appearance. From the summer of the 1943 to mid-1944 Zimmerit became a standard characteristic on many German panzers.
- Zur besonderen Verwendung (z.b.V.) — for special use/employment. Sometimes a killing squad/unit, but also used for divisions raised for special reasons (e.g., the Division zbV Afrika).
- Zyklon-B — commercial name for the prussic acid (hydrocyanic acid) gas used in German extermination camps. Actually, Zyklon-B consisted of crystals of potassium cyanide, normally used as rat poison. Breathing the dust of these crystals made them dissolve in the water of the mouth, nose, throat and stomach, which hydrolysed the cyanide into hydrocyanic acid and resulted in death by paralysis of the respiratory muscles.
[edit] List of German military ranks
Approximate ranks relative to US ranks:
- Reichsmarschall – "Marshal of the Empire," the highest rank in the German armed forces during World War II (specifically created for Hermann Göring so that he sticks out from the Generalfeldmarschälle). No U.S. equivalent.
- Generalfeldmarschall – General of the Army
- Generaloberst – General
- General der Infanterie, Kavallerie, etc. – Lieutenant-General
- General-Leutnant – Major-General
- Generalmajor – Brigadier-General
- Oberst – Colonel
- Oberstleutnant – Lieutenant Colonel
- Major – Major
- Hauptmann – Captain
- Oberleutnant – First Lieutenant
- Leutnant – Second Lieutenant
- Hauptfeldwebel – Sergeant-Major
- Stabsfeldwebel – Master Sergeant
- Oberfeldwebel – Technical Sergeant
- Feldwebel – Staff Sergeant
- Unterfeldwebel – no equivalent
- Unteroffizier – Sergeant
- Obergefreiter – Corporal
- Gefreiter – Private First Class
- Obergrenadier/Oberschütze – Private
- Grenadier/Schütze – Private
For additional comparisons, see Comparative military ranks of World War II.
[edit] List of code names for major German military operations
The German term for "Operation" is Unternehmen, literally "undertaking".
- Adlerangriffe (Eagle Attack) series of raids against Royal Air Force (RAF).
- Adlertag — Eagle Day; day one of intense raiding against RAF 13 August 1940 known as Operation Eagle Attack (postponed from 10 August).
- Anton — occupation of Vichy France, November 1942; later known as Atilla.
- Atilla — occupation of Vichy France, November 1942 (previously, Anton).
- Aufbau Ost — Eastern Buildup; build-up of arms prior to the invasion of the Soviet Union.
- Barbarossa — invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. Barbarossa, or "Red Beard" was the nickname for Emperor Frederick I, who attempted to unify Germanic states in the 12th century.
- Bernhard — scheme to counterfeit British bank notes and put them into circulation; began in 1942.
- Bestrafung — "punishment" air attacks on Belgrade, April 1941.
- Bodenplatte — Base Plate; air offensive against Allied airfields in north-western Europe, January 1945.
- Eiche — Oak; mission to rescue Mussolini by the fallschirmjäger (led by Skorzeny).
- Fall Gelb — Case Yellow; invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium and France.
- Fall Grün — Case Green; intended invasion of Czechoslovakia.
- Fall Rot — Case Red; counterstrike against France in the event of an attack from the West.
- Fall Weiß — Case White; invasion of Poland.
- Felix — plan to capture Gibraltar in 1941. It never took place.
- Fischfang — Fish Trap; counterattack on the Allied beachhead at Anzio in February 1944.
- Greif — Griffin; dropping of English-speaking troops wearing American uniforms behind the Allied lines in the Ardennes, prior to the Battle of the Bulge.
- Herbstnebel — Autumn Mist; offensive in the Ardennes, December 1944. Better known as the Battle of the Ardennes.
- Herkules — projected invasion of Malta by Fallschirmjäger and the Navy. Never executed.
- Kathrin — Plan to help the Irish Republican Army to commit terrorism and disrupt British internal security.
- Nordlicht — Northern Lights; attack on Leningrad in 1942.
- Paukenschlag — Drumroll or Drumbeat; offensive against Allied shipping in US and Caribbean waters in the first half of 1942.
- Pastorius — U-boat operation involving U-202 and U-548 setting 8 agents ashore in the USA in June 1942.
- Reinhard — covername for the entire process of building extermination camps, deportation of Jews first to ghettos, then to the concentration camps for extermination and incineration. Named for SD chief Reinhard Heydrich.
- Seelöwe — Sea Lion; projected amphibious assault on Great Britain in 1940/41. It never took place.
- Taifun — Typhoon; push towards Moscow in September 1941.
- Tiger — advance through the Maginot Line on the French border in June 1940.
- Weserübung — Weser Exercise (commonly, Water Exercise); invasion of Denmark and Norway, 9 April 1940
- Wintergewitter — Winter Gale; unsuccessful attempt to relieve the 6th Army at Stalingrad in December 1942.
- Zitadelle — Citadel; attack on Soviet salient at Kursk, July 1943.
- Stösser-parachute drop on evening of 16 December 1944; purpose was to seize a crossroads for Kampfgruppe Peiper during the Germans' Ardennes Offensive.
[edit] See also
- Glossary of the Third Reich
- Weimar paramilitary groups
- Ranks and insignia of the Schutzstaffel
- Comparative military ranks of World War II
- List of SS personnel
[edit] References
- Andrew, Stephen; Thomas, Nigel; The German Army 1939-45: Blitzkrieg. Osprey Publishing Lt., 1999.
- Bidermann, Gottlob Herbert. In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier's Memoir of the Eastern Front. Kansas, University Press of Kansas. (2001): ISBN 0-7006-1122-3.
- Sajer, Guy; The Forgotten Soldier. Brassey's Inc. (2001): ISBN 1-57488-286-4. Excellent, personal telling of a regular German soldier's experience of the Eastern Front in WWII.
- Shirer, William; The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. Simon & Schuster. (1990): ISBN 0-671-72868-7.
