Haitian Creole language

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Haitian Creole Kreyòl ayisyen
Spoken in:	Haiti, Bahamas, Canada, Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic, France, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Turks and Caicos Islands, United States
Total speakers:	12 million^{[citation needed]}
Ranking:	62
Language family:	French Creole Haitian Creole
Official status
Official language of:	Haiti
Regulated by:	no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	`ht`
ISO 639-2:	`hat`
ISO 639-3:	`hat`
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key.

Haitian Creole (kreyòl ayisyen), often called simply Creole, is a language spoken in Haiti by about 8.5 million people (as of 2005), which is nearly the entire population. Via emigration, about 3.5 million speakers live in other countries, including Canada, the United States, and France, as well as many Caribbean nations, especially the Dominican Republic, Cuba, and the Bahamas.

Haiti's official languages are French and Haitian Creole (Kreyòl Ayisyen). Nearly all Haitians speak the latter, a creole based primarily on French and African languages, with some Taíno, Portuguese and Spanish influences. Spanish is spoken near the border with the Dominican Republic and is increasingly being spoken in more westward areas as Dominican and Cuban trade influence Haitian affairs. Some Haitians also speak English.

As its name suggests, Haitian Creole is a creole language, drawing linguistic influences both from French, the language of Haiti's former colonial ruler, and from several West African languages, namely Wolof, and some Gbe languages, notably Fon and Ewe/Anlo-Ewe. The language has two distinct dialects: Fablas and Plateau.

In part because of the efforts of Felix Morisseau-Leroy, since 1961 Haitian Creole has been recognized as an official language along with French, which had been the sole literary language of the country since its independence in 1804, and this status was upheld under the country's constitution of 1987. Its usage in literature is small but growing, with Morisseau being one of the first and most prolific examples. Many speakers are bilingual and speak both Haitian Creole and French. Many educators, writers and activists have emphasized pride and written literacy in Creole since the 1980s. Today there are numerous newspapers, as well as radio and television programs, in Creole.

[edit] Usage outside of Haiti

Haitian Creole is used widely among Haitians who have relocated to other countries, particularly the United States and Canada. Some of the larger population centers include Montréal, Québec, where French is the official language, and parts of New York City, Boston and South Florida (Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and Palm Beach). Various public service announcements, school-parent communications, and other materials are produced in this language by government agencies. Miami-Dade County in Florida sends out paper communications in Haitian Creole in addition to English and Spanish. Announcements are posted in the Boston subway system in this language. HTN, a Miami-based television channel, is North America's only Creole-language television network. The Miami area also features over half a dozen Creole-language AM radio stations. There is controversy as to whether or not Creole should be taught in Miami-Dade County Public Schools. Many argue Creole is a peasant language which is not important, while others argue it is important for children to know their native tongue.

The University of Kansas Lawrence has an Institute of Haitian studies, founded by Dr. Bryant Freeman where Haitian Creole, among other facets of Haiti are studied and researched. Dictionaries have been published, including a Haitian Creole-English dictionary more than 1,000 pages long.

Additionally, the University of Massachusetts-Boston offers seminars and courses under the Creole Institute (http://www.ccde.umb.edu/summerinstitute/haitiancreole/) every year. More universities particularly in the United States have offered numerous classes in Haitian Creole.

[edit] Sounds and spellings

Haitian Creole has seven vowels as opposed to standard French's twelve. This is primarily due to the loss of front rounded vowels. In Creole, these French phonemes are usually merged with their unrounded counterpart. Hence, /y/ becomes /i/ and /ø/ becomes /e/.

French's uvular rhotic either becomes an alveolar trill (/r/), /w/, or is elided altogether, depending on the environment.

Being formed relatively recently, Haitian Creole orthography is mostly phonemic, and is similar to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The main differences are j = /ʒ/, y = /j/, è = /ɛ/, ou = /u/. Nasalization is indicated by a following n.

[edit] Lexicon

Most of the lexicon is derived from French, with significant changes in pronunciation and morphology. Often, the French definite article was retained as part of the noun. For example, the French definite article la in la lune ("the moon") was incorporated into the Creole noun for moon: lalin.

[edit] Sample

Creole	IPA	Origin	English
bagay	/bagaj/	(?)Fr. bagage, "baggage"	"thing"
bannann	/bãnãn/	Fr. banane, "banana"	"plantain"
bekàn	/bekan/	Fr. bécane /bekan/	"bicycle"
Bondye	/bõdje/	Fr. Bon Dieu /bõdjø/	"God"
dèyè	/dɛjɛ/	Fr. derrière /dɛʁjɛʁ/	"behind"
diri	/diri/	Fr. du riz /dyʁi/	"rice"
fig	/fig/		"banana"
kay	/kaj/	(?)Fr. cahutte /kayt/	"house"
kiyèz, tchòk, poban	/kijɛz, tʃɔk, pobã/		"hog banana" (*)
kle	/kle/	Fr. clé /kle/, "key"	"wrench" or "key"
kle kola	/kle kola/	Fr. clé /kle/, "key" + Eng. "cola"	"bottle opener"
konnflek	/kõnflek/	(?)En. "corn flakes"	"breakfast cereal"
kawoutchou	/kawutʃu/	Fr. caoutchouc, "rubber"	"tire"
lalin	/lalin/	Fr. la lune /lalyn/	"moon"
makak	/makak/	Fr. macaque /makak/	"monkey"
makomè	/makomɛ/	Fr. ma co-mère, comère	"godmother" (#)
matant	/matãt/	Fr. ma tante, "my aunt"	"aunt"
moun	/mun/	Bantu mountu-	"person"
mwen	/mouin/	Fr. moi, "mwen meme"	"me","I","myself"
nimewo	/nimewo/	Fr. numéro /nymeʁo/	"number"
ozetazini	/ozetazini/	Fr. aux États-Unis /ozetazyni/	"the United States"
piman	/pimã/	Fr. piment	a very hot pepper
pann	/pãn/	Fr. pendre	"to hang"
pwa	/pwa/	Fr. pois /pwa/, "pea"	"bean"
chenèt	/ʃenɛt/		"tooth gap" (^)
tonton	/tõtõ/		"uncle"
vwazen	/vwazɛ̃/	Fr. voisin /vwazɛ̃/	"neighbor"
zwazo	/zwazo/	Fr. les oiseaux /lezwazo/	"birds"
zye	/zje/	Fr. les yeux /lezjø/	"eyes"

(*) A banana which is short and fat, not a plantain and not a conventional banana; regionally called "hog banana" or "sugar banana" in English.
(#) The relationship shared between a child's mother and godmother.
(^) The gap between a person's two front teeth.

[edit] Nouns derived from trade marks

Many trade marks have become common nouns in Haitian Creole (as happened in English with "aspirin" and "kleenex", for example).

kòlgat (Colgate) — "toothpaste"
jilèt (Gillette) — "razor"
pampèz (Pampers) — "nappy" or (Am) "diaper"
kodak (Kodak) — "camera"
frejidaire (Frigidaire) - "refrigerator"
delco (Delco) - "generator"
igloo (Igloo) - "cooler"
chiklèt (Chiclet) - "gum"

[edit] The word nèg and the word blan

The term nèg literally means a dark-skinned man and the word blan a white person, as in Gen yon nèg e gen yon blan. ("there is a black man and there is a white man"). However, nèg is generally used for any man, regardless of skin color (i.e. like "guy" or "dude" in American English). Blan is generally used for foreigner. It is not used to refer just to white foreigners, but foreigners of color as well.

Etymologically, the word nèg is derived from the French "nègre" and is cognate with the Spanish negro ("black", both the color and the people), and cognate with the English "negro". In Haitian Creole, however, nèg does not have pejorative connotations.

There are many other Haitian Creole terms for specific tones of skin, such as grimo, bren, wòz, mawon, etc. However, such labels are considered offensive by some Haïtians, because of their association with color discrimination and the Haitian class system.

[edit] Grammar

Haitian Creole grammar differs greatly from French and inflects much more simply: for example, verbs are not inflected for tense or person, and there is no grammatical gender — meaning that adjectives and articles are not inflected according to the noun. The same primary word order (SVO) is the same as French, but the variations on the verbs and adjectives are minuscule compared to the complex rules employed by French.

Many grammatical features, particularly pluralization of nouns and indication of possession, are indicated by appending certain suffixes (postpositions) like yo to the main word. There has been a debate going on for some years as what should be used to connect the suffixes to the word: the most popular alternatives are a dash, an apostrophe or a space. It makes matters more complicated when the "suffix" itself is shortened, perhaps making only one letter (such as m or w).

[edit] Pronouns

There are six pronouns, one pronoun for each person/number combination. There is no difference between direct and indirect. Some are obviously of French origin, others are not.

person/number	Creole	Short form	French	English
1/singular	mwen	m	je, me, moi	"I", "me"
2/singular	ou (*)	w	tu, te, vous	"you" (sing.)
3/singular	li	l	il, elle, on	"he", "she", "it"
1/plural	nou	n	nous	"we", "us"
2/plural	nou or vou (@)		vous	"you" (pl.)
3/plural	yo	y	ils, elles, eux	"they", "them"

(*)sometimes ou is written as w- in the sample phrases, w indicates ou.
(@) depending on the situation.

[edit] Plural of nouns

Nouns are pluralized by adding yo at the end.

liv yo - "books"

machin yo - "cars"

[edit] Possession

Possession is indicated by placing the possessor after the item possessed. This is similar to the French construction of chez moi or chez lui which are "my place" and "his place", respectively.

lajan li - "his/her money"

fanmi mwen or fanmi m - "my family"

kay yo - "their house" or "their houses"

papa ou or papa w - "your father"

chat Pyè - "Pierre's cat"

chèz Mari - "Marie's chair"

zanmi papa Jan - "Jean's father's friend"

papa vwazen zanmi nou - "our friend's neighbor's father"

[edit] Indefinite article

The language has an indefinite article yon, roughly corresponding to English "a/an" and French un/une. It is placed before the noun:

yon kouto - "a knife"

yon kravat - "a necktie"

[edit] Definite article

There is also a definite article, roughly corresponding to English "the" and French le/la. It is placed after the noun, and the sound varies by the last sound of the noun itself. If the last sound is an oral consonant and is preceded by an oral vowel, it becomes la:

kravat la - "the tie"

liv la - "the book"

kay la - "the house"

If the last sound is an oral consonant and is preceded by a nasal vowel, it becomes lan:

lanp lan - "the lamp"

ban lan - "the bench"

If the last sound is an oral vowel and is preceded by an oral consonant, it becomes a:

kouto a - "the knife"

peyi a - "the country"

If the last sound is an oral vowel and is preceded by a nasal consonant, it becomes an:

fanmi an - "the family"

mi an - "the wall"

If the last sound is a nasal vowel, it becomes an:

chen an - "the dog"

pon an - "the bridge"

If the last sound is a nasal consonant, it becomes nan:

machin nan - "the car"

telefòn nan - "the telephone"

madanm nan - "the woman"

[edit] "This" and "that"

There is a single word sa that corresponds to French ce/ceci or ça, and English "this" and "that". As in English, it may be used as a demonstrative, except that it is placed after the noun it qualifies. It is often followed by a or yo (in order to mark number):

jardin sa (a) bèl- "This garden is beautiful."

As in English, it may also be used as a pronoun, replacing a noun:

sa se zanmi mwen - "this is my friend"

sa se chen frè mwen - "this is my brother's dog"

[edit] Verbs

Many verbs in Haitian Creole are the same spoken words as the French infinitive, but they are spelled phonetically. As indicated above, there is no conjugation in the language; the verbs have one form only, and changes in tense are indicated by the use of tense markers.

Li ale travay le maten - "He goes to work in the morning."

Li dòmi le swa - "He sleeps in the evening."

Li li Bib la - "She reads the Bible."

Mwen fè manje - "I make food."

Nou toujou etidye - "We study all the time."

[edit] Copulas

The concept expressed in English by the verb "to be" is expressed in Haitian Creole by two words, se and ye.

The verb se (pronounced as the English word "say") is used to link a subject with a predicate nominative:

Li se frè mwen - "he is my brother"

Mwen se doktè - "I am a doctor"

Sa se yon pyebwa mango - "That is a mango tree"

Nou se zanmi - "we are friends"

The subject sa or li can sometimes be omitted with se:

Se yon bon lide - "That is a good idea"

Se nouvo chemiz mwen - "This is my new shirt"

For the future tense, such as "I want to be", usually vin "to become" is used instead of se.

L ap vin bel frè mwen - "He will be my brother-in-law"

Mwen vle vin yon doktè - "I want to become a doctor"

Sa ap vin yon pyebwa mango - "That will become a mango tree"

N ap vin zanmi - "We will be friends"

"Ye" also means "to be", but is placed exclusively at the end of the sentence, after the predicate and the subject (in that order):

Ayisyen mwen ye = Mwen se Ayisyen - "I am Haitian"

Ki moun sa ye? - "Who is that?"

Kouman ou ye? - "How are you?"

The verb "to be" is not overt when followed by an adjective, that is, Haitian Creole has stative verbs. So, malad means "sick" and "to be sick":

M gen yon zanmi malad - "I have sick friend."

Zanmi mwen malad. - "My friend is sick."

[edit] To have

The verb "to have" is genyen, often shortened to gen.

Mwen genyen lajan nan bank lan - "I have money in the bank".

[edit] There Is

The verb genyen (or gen) also means "there is/are"

Gen anpil Ayisyen nan Florid - "There are many Haitians in Florida".

Gen yon moun la - "There is someone here".

Pa gen moun la - "There is nobody here".

[edit] To know

There are three verbs which are often translated as "to know", but they mean different things. Konn or konnen means "to know" + a noun (cf. French connaître).

Èske ou konnen non li? - "Do you know his name?"

Konn or konnen also means "to know" + a fact (cf. French savoir).

M pa konnen kote li ye - "I don't know where he is." (note pa = negative)

The third word is always spelled konn. It means "to know how to" or "to have experience". This is similar to the "know" is used in the English phrase "know how to ride a bike": it denotes not only a knowledge of the actions, but also some experience with it.

Mwen konn fè manje - "I know how to cook" (lit. "I know how to make food")

Èske ou konn ale Ayiti? - "Have you been to Haïti?" (lit. "Do you know to go to Haiti?")

Li pa konn li fransè - "He can't read French" (lit. "He doesn't know how to read French.")

Another verb worth mentioning is fè. It comes from the French faire and is often translated as "do" or "make". It has a broad range of meanings, as it is one of the most common verbs used in idiomatic phrases.

Kouman ou fè pale kreyòl? - "How did you learn to speak Haitian Creole?"

Mari konn fè mayi moulen. - "Marie knows how to make cornmeal."

[edit] To be able to

The verb kapab (or shortened to ka, kap' or 'kab) means "to be able to (do something)". It refers to both "capability" and "availability", very similar to the English "can".

Mwen ka ale demen - "I can go tomorrow."

Petèt m ka fè sa demen - "Maybe I can do that tomorrow."

[edit] Tense markers

There is no conjugation in Haitian Creole. In the present non-progressive tense, one just uses the basic verb form for stative verbs:

Mwen pale kreyòl - "I speak Haitian Creole"

Note that when the basic form of action verbs is used without any verb markers, it is generally understood as referring to the past:

mwen manje - "I ate"

ou manje - "you ate"

li manje - "he/she ate"

nou manje - "we ate"

yo manje - "they ate"

(Note that manje means both "food" and "to eat" -- m ap manje bon manje means "I am eating good food").

For other tenses, special "tense marker" words are placed before the verb. The basic ones are:

te - simple past

tap (or t ap) - past progressive (a combination of te and ap, "was doing")

ap - present progressive (With ap and a, the pronouns nearly always take the short form (m ap, l ap, n ap, y ap, etc.))

a - future (some limitations on use)

pral - near or definite future (translates to "going to")

ta - conditional future (a combination of te and a, "will do")

Simple past or past perfect:

mwen te manje - "I ate" or "I had eaten"

ou te manje - "you ate" or "you had eaten"

li te manje - "he/she ate" or "he/she had eaten"

nou te manje - "we ate" or "we had eaten"

yo te manje - "they ate" or "they had eaten"

Past progressive:

mwen t ap manje - "I was eating"

ou t ap manje - "you were eating"

li t ap manje - "he/she was eating"

nou t ap manje - "we were eating"

yo t ap manje - "they were eating"

Present progressive:

m ap manje - "I am eating"

w ap manje - "you are eating"

l ap manje - "he/she is eating"

n ap manje - "we are eating"

y ap manje - "they are eating"

Note: For the present progressive ("I am eating now") it is customary, though not necessary, to add "right now":

M ap manje kounye a - "I am eating right now"

Near or definite future:

mwen pral manje - "I am going to eat"

ou pral manje - "you am going to eat"

li pral manje - "he/she am going to eat"

nou pral manje - "we am going to eat"

yo pral manje - "they am going to eat"

Future:

N a wè pita - "See you later" (lit. "We will see (each other) later)

Other examples:

Mwen te wè zanmi ou yè - "I saw your friend yesterday"

Nou te pale lontan - "We spoke for a long time"

Lè li te gen uit an... - "When he was eight years old..."

M a travay - "I will work"

M pral travay - "I'm going to work"

N a li l demen - "We'll read it tomorrow"

Nou pral li l demen - "We are going to read it tomorrow"

Mwen t ap mache e m wè yon chyen - "I was walking and I saw a dog"

Additional time-related markers:

fèk - recent past ("just")

sòt - similar to fèk

They are often used together:

Mwen fèk sòt antre kay la - "I just entered the house"

A verb mood marker is ta, corresponding to English "would" and equivalent to the French conditional tense:

Yo ta renmen jwe - "They would like to play"

Mwen ta vini si mwen te gen yon machin - "I would come if I had a car"

Li ta bliye w si ou pa t la - "He/she would forget you if you weren't here"

[edit] Negating the verb

The word pa comes before a verb (and all tense markers) to negate it:

Woz pa vle ale - "Rose doesn't want to go"

Woz pa t vle ale - "Rose didn't want to go"

[edit] List of Haitian Creole words

yon anana - a pineapple (from Arawak, anana and now used in France ananas)
Anakaona - ? (from Arawak, Anacaona, who was a Taino princess)
anpil - a lot, many (from Fr. "en pile", lit. in piles, in great amounts)
aprann - to learn
yon bannann - plantain
bat - to whup
yon batay - a fight, a battle
yon goumen - a fight (most popular)
batay - to fight, to battle
goumen - to fight
yon bebe - a baby
bonjou - good day / good morning
bonswa - good evening (bonswa is typically said after 12:00 noon)
boukousou - a type of bean
boul, balon - a ball
chadèk - grapefruit (from Fr. Chadèque or pamplemousse)
chante - to sing
yon chanson - a song
yon chan - a song, a chant
cheri - darling
cho - hot (also used as an adj. i.e. "Fi sa a cho anpil", She's really hot!)
doudou - sweetheart
dous - sweet
yon dous - a cookie (food)
enpe dlo - some water
yon fanmi - a family
fè - to make / to do
yon fèt - a party / a birthday
yon fig - a banana
fou - stove
fòl - crazy (a crazy person - yon moun fou (fòl))
gade - to look (at), to watch (to watch TV - gade TV)
garde - to guard
yon gardyen - a guardian
yon gardyen bu - a goal keeper
gato - a cake
gwayav - guava fruit
gwo - big; also, to be fat ("li gwo", he is fat)
enpe kafe - some coffee
kaka - feces
yon kann - a sugar cane
yon kenèp - Mamoncillo a.k.a. Spanish lime
kijan - how
kisa - what
kibò, kikote - where
kimoun - who
ki, ke - that (conj.)
kite mwen - leave me / leave me alone
kite mwen ale - let me go
yon kochon - a pig
yon kokoye - a coconut
konprann/komprann - to understand
kouman/kijan ou rele? - what is your name?
kòm - as
kòman/kijan - how
kounyèa - now ex: vini kounye a (come here now)
yon kowosòl/kosòl - Soursop a.k.a Corossol
yon kreyon - a pencil
yon kwafè - a barber
la - here / the
lant/lan - slow
lanse - to launch
yon lougawou - a werewolf, bad witch
yon mambo/manbo - a female witch
yon bòkò/ongan - a male witch
yon majisyen - a magician
yon machin - a car
yon makak - a monkey
yon manyòk - Cassava a.k.a. manioc
manje - to eat / food (both noun and verb)
enpe manje - some food
mèg - skinny
mèsi/mèrsi - thank you
yon moun - a person
kèk moun - some people (the indefinite article plural form)
move - bad (move moun - bad person)
move - fighty (a person that is ready to fight or beat someone up)
pale/parle - to talk / to speak
yon pánye - a basket
yon pitit - a child (a father or mother: my child)
yon pitit fi - a daughter
yon pitit gason - a son
yon pitit pitit - a grand child
pwa - bean
ki pèz ou (genyen)?- what is your weight?
peze - to press (press a button), to weigh (this weighs two liters)
yon pyebwa - tree (lit. wood foot, from Fr. pied de bois)
sa bon pou ou - that's what you get
yon sache/sachè - a bag
sa (è) bon pour ou - that's good for you
sa ka fèt / sa k ap fèt - how's it going?
sa k pase - what's up?
yon sirèt - a candy
tankou - like (conj.)
yon timoun - a kid ("little person")
yon granmoun - an adult
tonbe - to fall
toutouni - naked
yon vòlè - a thief
vòlè - to steal
yon vòl - a theft, a fly (ki vòl ou ape pran - what fly are you taking?)
pran vòl - to take off (an airplane)
yon avyon - an airplane
vole - to jump or fly
yon zaboka - Avocado
zobogit - to be skinny
yon zonbi/zombi - a ghost (from Africa, zombi)

[edit] Numbers

zero - 0
yonn, en - 1
de, dez - 2
twa - 3
kat, katr - 4
senk - 5
sis - 6
sèt - 7
uit, ywit - 8
nèf - 9
dis - 10
onz - 11
douz - 12
trèz - 13
katòz - 14
kenz - 15
sèz - 16
disèt - 17
dizwit - 18
diznèf - 19
ven, vent - 20
venteyen, vent-yonn - 21
vennde, vent-dez - 22
venntwa, vent-twa - 23
...etc.

trant - 30
tranteyen, trant-yonn - 31
trannde - 32
tranntwa - 33
...etc.

karant - 40
karanteyen, karant-yonn - 41
karannde - 42
karanntwa - 43
...etc.

senkant - 50
swasant - 60
swasenndis - 70
swasenteyonz- 71
swasenndouz- 72
swasenntrèz- 73
...etc.

katreven, katrevent - 80
katrevendis, katreven-dis- 90
katrevenonz, katreven-onz- 91
katrevendouz- 92
katreventrèz- 93
...etc.

san - 100
san en, san yonn - 101
san dis - 110
de san, dez san - 200
de san ven - 220
twa san - 300
kat san - 400
senk san - 500
si san - 600
sèt san - 700
ui(t) san - 800
nèf san - 900

nèf san katrevendisèt - 997
nèf san katrevendizuit - 998
nèf san katrevendiznèf - 999

mil - 1000
de mil - 2000
senk mil - 5000
di mil - 10 000
san mil - 100 000
1 milyon - 1 000 000, 1 million
1 bilyon - 1 000 000 000, 1 billion

[edit] See also

Copula: Haitian Creole
Swadesh list of Haitian Creole words

[edit] External links

Haitian Creole language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Languages derived from French see also French-based creole languages
In the Americas: *Haitian Creole (kreyòl ayisyen)* • Michif • Lanc-Patuá Antillean Creole • Louisiana Creole (kreyol lwiziyen) • French Guiana Creole In Africa: Seychellois Creole (Kreol) • Mauritian Creole • Réunion Creole In Asia: Tây Bồi

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