Hangzhou dialect
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The Hangzhou dialect (Traditional Chinese: 杭州話; Simplified Chinese: 杭州话; pinyin: hángzhōuhuà) is spoken in the city of Hangzhou and its immediate suburbs, but excluding areas further away from Hangzhou such as Xiāoshān (蕭山) and Yúháng (余杭) (both originally county-level cities and now the districts within Hangzhou City). The number of speakers of the Hangzhou dialect has been estimated to be about 1.2 to 1.5 million. It belongs to the Wu language family, which in turn constitutes one of the Sinitic language families. The Hangzhou dialect is of immense interest to Chinese historical phonologists and dialectologists because phonologically, it exhibits extensive similarities with the other Wu languages; however, grammatically and lexically, it shows many Mandarin tendencies. (Simmons 1995)
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[edit] Classification
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[edit] Geographic distribution
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[edit] Dialects
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[edit] Phonetics and phonology
[edit] Consonants
| bilabial | labio-dental | alveolar | alveolo-palatal | velar | glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| plosives | voiced | b | d | g | |||
| voiceless unaspirated | p | t | k | ʔ | |||
| voiceless aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||||
| fricatives | voiced | v | z | ɦ | |||
| voiceless | f | s | ɕ | h | |||
| affricates | voiced | dz | dʑ | ||||
| voiceless unaspirated | ts | tɕ | |||||
| voiceless aspirated | tsʰ | tɕʰ | |||||
| approximants | ʋ | ɹ | |||||
| lateral approximants | l | ||||||
[edit] Vowels
[edit] Monophthongs
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[edit] Diphthongs
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[edit] Triphthongs
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[edit] Syllable structure
[edit] Onsets
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[edit] Rimes
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[edit] Tones
[edit] Citation tones
The Hangzhou tonal system is similar to that of the Suzhou dialect, in that some characters of the shàng tone in Middle Chinese have merged with the modern yīn qù tone.
| Tone number | Tone name | Tone contour |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | yin ping (陰平) | 323 |
| 2 | yang ping (陽平) | 212 |
| 3 | yin shang (陰上) | 51 |
| 4 | yin qu (陰去) | 334 |
| 5 | yang qu (陽去) | 113 |
| 6 | yin ru (陰入) | 55 |
| 7 | yang ru (陽入) | 12 |
[edit] Tone sandhi
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[edit] Grammar
[edit] Morphology
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[edit] Syntax
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[edit] Vocabulary
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[edit] History
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[edit] Examples
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[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Qián,nǎiróng (1992). Dāngdài Wúyǔ yánjiū. (Contemporary Wu linguistics studies). Shànghǎi: shànghǎi jiāoyù chūbǎnshè. (錢乃榮. 1992. 當代吳語研究. 上海敎育出版社) ISBN 7-5320-2355-9
- Simmons, Richard VanNess (1995). "Distinguishing characteristics of the Hangzhou dialect". New Asia Academic Bulletin 11: 383–398.
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| Traditional categories: | ||||
| Other: | ||||
| Unclassified: | ||||
| Note: The above is only one classification scheme among many. The categories in italics are not universally acknowledged to be independent categories. |
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| Subcategories of Mandarin: | Northeastern | Beijing | Ji-Lu | Jiao-Liao | Zhongyuan | Lan-Yin | Southwestern | Jianghuai | Dungan | |||
| Subcategories of Min: | Min Bei | Min Nan | |||
| Min Dong | Min Zhong | Hainanese | Puxian | | Shaojiang | ||||
| Comprehensive list of Chinese dialects | ||||
| Official spoken varieties: | Standard Mandarin | Standard Cantonese | |||
| Historical phonology: | Old Chinese | Middle Chinese | Proto-Min | Proto-Mandarin | Haner | |||
| Chinese: written varieties | ||||
| Official written varieties: | Classical Chinese | Vernacular Chinese | |||
| Other varieties: | Written Vernacular Cantonese | |||
