Harold L. Ickes

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Harold L. Ickes served as the Secretary of the Interior for 13 years.

Harold LeClair Ickes (March 15, 1874 – February 3, 1952) was a U.S. administrator and political figure. He served as Secretary of the Interior for thirteen years, from 1933 to 1946, and was known as President Franklin D. Roosevelt's point man for the New Deal.

1 Early years
2 Politics
3 Secretary of the Interior
4 Critiques and battles
5 Family
6 Name
7 In fiction
8 Books
- 8.1 By Ickes
- 8.2 About Ickes
9 References
10 External links

[edit] Early years

Ickes (pronounced IK-is) was born on a farm outside of Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania. He moved to Chicago at the age of 16 and attended Englewood High School there. After graduating, he worked his way through the University of Chicago, finishing with an B.A. in 1897.

He first worked as a newspaper reporter for The Chicago Record and later for The Chicago Tribune. He obtained a law degree from the University of Chicago in 1907, but rarely practised. Instead, he became active in reform politics.

[edit] Politics

Initially a Republican in Chicago, Ickes was never part of the establishment. He was unsatisfied with Republican policies and joined Theodore Roosevelt's Bull Moose movement in 1912. After returning to the Republican fold, he campaigned for progressive Republicans Charles Evans Hughes (1916) and Hiram Johnson (1920 and 1924).

He fought lengthy and legendary battles first with Chicago figures Samuel Insull, the utilities magnate, William Hale Thompson, the mayor, and Robert R. McCormick, the owner of The Chicago Tribune. Later he had an ongoing battle with Thomas Dewey, the presidential candidate.

Although locally active in Chicago politics, he was unknown nationally until 1933. As part of this involvment, Ickes was very involved in Chicago's social and political affairs; among his many activities include his work for the City Club of Chicago. After Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932, he began putting together his cabinet. His advisers thought the Democrat president needed a progressive Republican to attract middle of the road voters. He sought out Hiram Johnson, a Republican Senator at the time who had supported Roosevelt in the campaign, but Johnson was uninterested. Johnson did, however, recommend an old ally, Ickes.

Ickes was a strong supporter of both civil rights and civil liberties. He had been the president of the Chicago NAACP, and supported African American contralto Marian Anderson when the Daughters of the American Revolution prohibited her from performing in their Constitution Hall. He also was an outspoken critic of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

[edit] Secretary of the Interior

Ickes served simultaneously in several major roles for President Roosevelt. Although he was the Secretary of the Interior, he was better known to the public for other roles in which he served simultaneously. He was the director of the Public Works Administration. Here he directed billions of dollars of projects designed to lure private investment and provide employment at the depth of the Great Depression. He fought incessantly to keep the projects out of politics, instead directing them to places producing the best results. His precise management of the PWA budget and his opposition to corruption earned him the name "Honest Harold". He tried to enforce the Raker Act against the city of San Francisco, an act of Congress which specified that because the dam at Hetch Hetchy in Yosemite National Park was on public land, no private profit could be derived from the development. The city continues selling the power to PG&E which is then resold at a profit.

After the Hindenburg exploded, Nazi Germany sought to obtain helium to replace the flammable hydrogen in their fleet of dirigibles. Ickes opposed the sale, although practically every other member of the Cabinet supported it, along with the President himself. Ickes would not back down, fearing military use of the dirigible. Germany could not obtain the helium from other sources. Hence, Ickes virtually shut down the German dirigible program himself.

The ARAMCO oil corporation, through Secretary of the Interior Ickes, got Roosevelt to agree to Lend Lease aid to Saudi Arabia, which would involve the U.S. government there and create a shield for the interests of ARAMCO.

During World War II Ickes told the Congress of American-Soviet Friendship in November 1943, "In certain respects we could do well to learn from Russia; yes, even to imitate Russia."

Although he stayed on in President Harry S. Truman's cabinet after Roosevelt died in April 1945, he resigned from office within a year. In February 1946, Truman nominated Edwin Wendell Pauley to be Secretary of the Navy. Pauley was the former Democratic Party national treasurer. He once suggested to Ickes that $300,000 in campaign funds could be raised if Ickes would drop his fight for title to oil-rich offshore lands. Ickes wrote a 2,000-word resignation letter, reading in part: "I don't care to stay in an Administration where I am expected to commit perjury for the sake of the party. . . I do not have a reputation for dealing recklessly with the truth."

[edit] Critiques and battles

Ickes was known for his acerbic wit and took joy in verbal battles. He often took verbal abuse too. For instance, Roosevelt selected Ickes to deliver a response following the nomination of Wendell Willkie. In response to Ickes' comments, Senator H. Styles Bridges called Ickes "a common scold puffed up by high office." Republican Congresswoman Clare Boothe Luce once famously remarked that Ickes had "the mind of a commissar and the soul of a meataxe."

In September 1944, Thomas Dewey, the Republican nominee for president, promised to fire Ickes if elected. Ickes penned a letter of resignation to Dewey and it was widely printed in the press. Ickes wrote, in part:

Hence, I hereby resign as Secretary of the Interior effective, if, as and when the incredible comes to pass and you become the President of the United States. However, as a candidate for that office you should have known the primary school fact that the Cabinet of an outgoing President automatically retires with its chief.

[edit] Family

He married Anna Wilmarth Thompson in 1911. She died in an automobile accident on August 31, 1935. He married Jane Dahlman, who was 25 to his 64 at the time, on May 24, 1938. He had one son, Raymond, by his first wife and two children by his second wife: Harold McEwen (who was a deputy chief of staff for President Clinton) and Elizabeth Jane. He also had a foster son, Robert Harold Ickes, born in 1913.

[edit] Name

Asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest "I think you come as close as anybody when you suggest that it rhymes with sickness with the n omitted. The e is halfway between a short e and short u": hence, ick'iss, with second i as in habit. (Charles Earle Funk, What's the Name, Please?, Funk & Wagnalls, 1936.)

[edit] In fiction

In the musical play Annie, Roosevelt demands that Ickes sing "Tomorrow" in the Oval Office, and orders him to get louder. Ickes was largely a comic figure in the play.

[edit] Books

[edit] By Ickes

New Democracy (1934). W. W. Norton
with Arno B. Cammerer (coauthor), Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming) (1937). U.S. Government Printing Office
The Third Term Bugaboo. A Cheerful Anthology (1940)
(editor). Freedom of the Press Today: A Clinical Examination By 28 Specialists (1941). Vanguard Press
Minerals Yearbook 1941 (1943). U.S. Government Printing Office
Fightin' Oil (1943). Alfred A. Knopf
The Autobiography of a Curmudgeon (1943). Greenwood Press 1985 reprint: ISBN 0313249881
The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes. Simon and Schuster
- Volume I: The First Thousand Days 1933–1936 (1953)
- Volume II: The Inside Struggle 1936–1939 (1954)
- Volume III: The Lowering Clouds 1939–1941 (1954)

[edit] About Ickes

Jeanne Nienaber Clarke. Roosevelt's Warrior: Harold L. Ickes and the New Deal (1996). The Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0801850940
Linda J. Lear. Harold L. Ickes: The Aggressive Progressive, 1874-1933 (1982). Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0824048601
T. H. Watkins. Righteous Pilgrim: The Life and Times of Harold L. Ickes, 1874-1952 (1990). Henry Holt & Co., ISBN 0805009175; 1992 reprint: ISBN 0805021124
Graham White and John Maize. Harold Ickes of the New Deal: His Private Life and Public Career (1985). Harvard University Press, ISBN 0674372859