James Baldwin (writer)

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**James Baldwin**
James Baldwin, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1955
Born:	August 2, 1924 New York, New York, USA
Died:	November 30, 1987 (aged 63) Saint-Paul de Vence, France
Occupation:	writer, novelist
Nationality:	United States

James Arthur Baldwin (August 2, 1924 – November 30, 1987) was a novelist, short story writer, playwright, poet, and essayist, best known for his novel Go Tell It on the Mountain. Most of Baldwin's work deals with racial and sexual issues in the mid-20th century United States. His novels are notable for the personal way in which they explore questions of identity as well as for the way in which they mine complex social and psychological pressures related to being black and homosexual, well before the social, cultural or political equality of these groups could be assumed.

Baldwin was born in 1924, the first of his mother's nine children. He never met his biological father and may never have even known the man's identity. Instead, he considered his stepfather, David Baldwin, as his only father figure. John, a factory worker and a store-front preacher, was allegedly very cruel at home, which the young Baldwin hated. While his father opposed his literary aspirations, Baldwin found support from a teacher as well from the mayor of New York City, Fiorello H. LaGuardia. At age 14, Baldwin became a preacher at the small Fireside Pentecostal Church in Harlem. After he graduated from DeWitt Clinton high school in the Bronx, he moved to Greenwich Village. In the early 1940s, he transferred his faith from religion to literature. His most important source of support, however, came from his idol Richard Wright, whom he called "the greatest black writer in the world for me". Wright and Baldwin became friends for a short time and Wright helped him to secure the Eugene F. Saxon Memorial Award. Indeed, Baldwin titled a collection of essays Notes of a Native Son, in clear reference to Wright's enraged and despairing novel Native Son. However, Baldwin's 1949 essay "Everybody's Protest Novel" ended the two authors' friendship because Baldwin asserted that Wright's novel Native Son, like Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, lacked credible characters and psychological complexity. However, during an interview with Julius Lester [1] Baldwin explained that his adoration for Wright remained: "I knew Richard and I loved him. I was not attacking him; I was trying to clarify something for myself."

Another major influence on Baldwin's life was the African-American painter Beauford Delaney. In The Price of the Ticket, 1985, Baldwin describes Delaney as “the first living proof, for me, that a black man could be an artist. In a warmer time, a less blasphemous place, he would have been recognised as my teacher and I as his pupil. He became, for me, an example of courage and integrity, humility and passion. An absolute integrity: I saw him shaken many times and I lived to see him broken but I never saw him bow.”

Baldwin, like many American authors of the time, left to live in Europe for an extended period of time beginning in 1948. His first destination was Paris where Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Richard Wright, and many others had lived during their writing careers. When Baldwin returned to America, he became actively involved in the Civil Rights Movement. He marched with Martin Luther King, Jr. to Washington, D.C.

In 1962 Baldwin received a George Polk Award for his reporting in The New Yorker.

During the early 1980s, Baldwin was on the faculty of the Five Colleges in Western Massachusetts. While there, he mentored Mount Holyoke College future playwright Suzan-Lori Parks, who won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 2002. Baldwin died of cancer in 1987 at the age of 63.

Baldwin's 1954 play The Amen Corner was the basis for a short-lived 1968 Broadway musical of the same name.

In 2005 the USPS created a First-Class Postage Stamp dedicated to him which featured him on the front, and on the back of the peeling paper had a short biography. One of Baldwin's richest short stories, "Sonny's Blues," appears in many anthologies of short fiction used in introductory college literature classes.

[edit] Bibliography

Baldwin (right of center) with Charlton Heston, Marlon Brando, and Harry Belafonte at the 1963 Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. Prominent Black actor Sidney Poitier can also be seen in the crowd.

Go Tell it on the Mountain (novel; 1953)
Stranger in the Village (1953)
Notes of a Native Son (essays and stories; 1955)
The Amen Corner (play; 1954)
Giovanni's Room (novel; 1956)
Sonny's Blues (1957)
Nobody Knows My Name: More Notes of a Native Son (essays and stories; 1961)
Another Country (novel; 1962)
The Fire Next Time (essays; 1963)
Blues for Mister Charlie (play; 1964)
Going to Meet the Man (essays and stories; 1965)
Tell Me How Long the Train's Been Gone (novel; 1968)
No Name in the Streets (essays; 1972)
If Beale Street Could Talk (novel; 1974)
The Devil Finds Work (essays; 1976)
Just Above My Head (novel; 1979)
Jimmy's blues (poems; 1985)
The Price of the Ticket (essays; 1985)
The Evidence of Things Not Seen (essays; 1985)

Together with others:

Nothing personal (with Richard Avedon (photogr.)) (1964)
A Rap on Race (with Margaret Mead) (1971)
One day when I was lost (orig.: A. Haley; 1972)
A Dialogue (with Nikki Giovanni) (1973)
Little man, little man (with Yoran Cazac; for children; 1976)(hell on earth)(1989)

[edit] Published as

Early Novels & Stories: Go Tell It on the Mountain, Giovanni's Room, Another Country, Going to Meet the Man (Toni Morrison, ed.) (Library of America, 1998) ISBN 1-883011-51-5.

Collected Essays: Notes of a Native Son, Nobody Knows My Name, The Fire Next Time, No Name in the Street, The Devil Finds Work, Other Essays (Toni Morrison, ed.) (Library of America, 1998) ISBN 1-883011-52-3.