John II of France
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| John II the Good | ||
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| King of France | ||
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| Portrait of John painted on wood panel around 1350, Louvre Museum | ||
| Reign | 22 August 1350 – 8 April 1364 | |
| Coronation | 26 September 1350, Reims | |
| Titles | Count of Anjou and Maine, Duke of Normandy (1332 – 1350) Count of Poitiers (1344 – 1350) Duke of Guyenne (1345 – 1350) John I, Duke of Burgundy (1361-1363) Jure uxoris Count of Auvergne and Boulogne (1349–1360) |
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| Born | 16 April 1319 | |
| Died | 8 April 1364 | |
| Savoy Palace, London, England | ||
| Buried | Saint Denis Basilica | |
| Predecessor | Philip VI | |
| Successor | Charles V | |
| Consort | Bonne of Bohemia (1315-1349) Joanna I of Auvergne (1326-1360) |
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| Issue | Charles V (1338-1380) Louis of Anjou (1339-1384) John, Duke of Berry (1340-1416) Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (1342-1404) Jeanne, Queen of Navarre (1343-1373) |
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| Royal House | Valois Dynasty | |
| Father | Philip VI (1293-1350) | |
| Mother | Joan of Burgundy (1293-1348) | |
John II of France (French: Jean II de France; April 16, 1319–April 8, 1364), was Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, and Duke of Normandy from 1332, Count of Poitiers from 1344, and Duke of Guyenne from 1345, and King of France from 1350 until his death, as well as Duke of Burgundy from 1361 on. By his marriage to Joan I, Countess of Auvergne, he became Count by marriage of Auvergne and Boulogne from 1349-1460. John was a member of the Valois Dynasty and was the son of Philippe VI and Jeanne of Burgundy. John was nicknamed John the Good (Jean le Bon).
John's coronation as king took place in 1350 in the Notre-Dame de Reims. As king, John surrounded himself with poor administrators, preferring to enjoy the good life his wealth as king brought. The men he relied on to administer his kingdom were brutal thieves but eventually King Jean changed.
In 1354, Charles II of Navarre was implicated in the assassination of John's constable, Charles de la Cerda. Nevertheless, in order to have a strategic ally against the English in Gascony, on 22 February 1354, John signed the Treaty of Mantes with Charles. The peace did not last between the two and Charles event struck up an alliance with Henry of Grosmont, the first Duke of Lancaster. The next year (1355), John signed the Treaty of Valognes with Charles, but this second peace hardly last longer than the first. In 1355, the Hundred Years' War flared up again.
In the 1356 Battle of Poitiers against Edward, the Black Prince (son of King Edward III of England), Jean suffered a humiliating defeat and was taken as captive back to England. While negotiating a peace accord, he was at first held in the Savoy Palace, then at a variety of locations, including Windsor, Hertford, Somerton Castle in Lincolnshire, and Berkhamsted Castle in Hertfordshire. A local tradition in St Albans is that he was held in a house in that town, at the site of the 15th-century Fleur de Lys inn, before he was moved to Hertford. There is a sign on the inn to that effect, but apparently no evidence to confirm the tradition [1]. Eventually, John was taken to the Tower of London.
As a prisoner of the English, John was granted royal privileges, permitted to travel about, and to enjoy a regal lifestyle. At a time when law and order was breaking down in France and the government was having a hard time raising money for the defense of the realm, his account books during his captivity show that he was purchasing horses, pets and clothes while maintaining an astrologer and a court band.[citation needed]
The 1360 Treaty of Brétigny set his ransom at 3,000,000 crowns. In keeping with the honor between himself and King Edward III, and leaving his son Louis of Anjou in English-held Calais as a replacement hostage, John was allowed to return to France to raise his ransom funds.
While King John tried to raise the money, his son Louis, accorded the same royal dignity, easily escaped from the English. An angry King John surrendered himself again to the English, claiming an inability to pay the ransom as the reason. The true motive of John's decision remains murky today, with many pointing to the devastation in France caused by war with England and the Jacquerie peasant uprising as likely candidates. His councillors and nearly the whole nation was critical of the decision, since they had raised the ransom through painstaking sacrifice. However Jean arrived in England in early 1364, looked upon by ordinary citizens and English royalty alike with great admiration. Accordingly, he was held as an honored prisoner in the Savoy Palace but died in London a few months later.
His body was returned to France, where he was interred in the royal chambers at Saint Denis Basilica.
[edit] Family and children
On July 28, 1332, at the age of 13, he was married to Bonne of Bohemia (d. 1349), daughter of John I (the Blind) of Bohemia. Their children were:
- Charles V (January 21, 1338–September 16, 1380)
- Louis I of Anjou (July 23, 1339–September 20, 1384)
- John of Valois (November 30, 1340–June 15, 1416)
- Philippe, Duke of Burgundy (January 17, 1342 – April 27, 1404)
- Jeanne (June 24, 1343 – November 3, 1373), married Charles II (the Bad) of Navarre
- Marie (September 12, 1344–October 1404), married Robert I, Duke of Bar
- Agnès (1345–1349)
- Marguerite (1347–1352)
- Isabelle (October 1, 1348–September 11, 1372), married Gian Galeazzo I, Duke of Milan
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On February 19, 1349 (old style), at Nanterre, he married Joanna I of Auvergne (d. 1361), Countess of Auvergne and Boulogne. She was widow of Philip of Burgundy, the deceased heir of that duchy, and mother of the young Philip I, Duke of Burgundy (1344-61) who became John's stepson and ward. John and Joanna had two daughters, both of whom died young:
- Blanche (b. 1350)
- Catherine (b. 1352)
He was succeeded by his son, Charles V.
[edit] External link
| Preceded by Merged in Crown |
Count of Anjou 1332–1350 |
Succeeded by Merged in Crown |
| Count of Maine 1332–1350 |
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| Duke of Normandy 1332–1350 |
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| Preceded by Merged in Crown |
Count of Poitiers 1344–1350 |
Succeeded by Merged in Crown |
| Preceded by Merged in Crown |
Duke of Guienne 1345–1350 |
Succeeded by Merged in Crown |
| Preceded by Philip I |
Duke of Burgundy as John I 1361–1363 |
Succeeded by Philip II |
| Preceded by Philip VI |
King of France August 22, 1350 – April 8, 1364 |
Succeeded by Charles V |
