John Rutledge

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John Rutledge

2nd Chief Justice of the United States
In office August 12, 1795 – December 15, 1795
Nominated by	George Washington
Preceded by	John Jay
Succeeded by	Oliver Ellsworth
Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
In office February 15, 1790 – March 5, 1791
Nominated by	George Washington
Preceded by	(none)
Succeeded by	Thomas Johnson

Born	September 17, 1739 Charleston, South Carolina
Died	July 18, 1800 Charleston, South Carolina
Spouse(s)	Elizabeth Grimke

John Rutledge (September 17, 1739 – July 18, 1800) was Governor of South Carolina, delegate to the Constitutional Convention, signer of the United States Constitution, and served on the U.S. Supreme Court (Chief Justice from August to December 1795). He was the elder brother of Edward Rutledge, a signer of the Declaration of Independence.

1 Childhood and family
2 Pre-Revolutionary War activism
3 Post-war
4 Supreme Court Justice
5 Quotations
6 Trivia
7 See also
8 Reference
9 External links
10 References

[edit] Childhood and family

John Rutledge was born into a large family at or near Charleston, South Carolina and received his early education from his father who was an alcoholic Irish immigrant and physician, and from an Anglican priest and a tutor. After studying law at London's Middle Temple in 1760, he was admitted to English practice. But, almost at once, he sailed back to Charleston to begin a fruitful legal career and to build on his mother's fortune in plantations and slaves. Three years later, he married Elizabeth Grimke, who eventually bore him 10 children, and moved into a townhouse, where he resided most of the remainder of his life.

[edit] Pre-Revolutionary War activism

In 1761, Rutledge became politically active. That year, on behalf of Christ Church Parish, he was elected to the provincial assembly and held his seat until the American Revolution. For 10 months in 1764 he temporarily held the post of provincial attorney general. When the troubles with Great Britain intensified about the time of the Stamp Act in 1765, Rutledge, who hoped to ensure continued self-government for the colonies, sought to avoid severance from the British and maintained a restrained stance. He did, however, chair a committee of the Stamp Act Congress that drew up a petition to the House of Lords.

In 1774, Rutledge was sent to the First Continental Congress, where he pursued a moderate course. After spending the next year in the Second Continental Congress, he returned to South Carolina and helped reorganize its government. In 1776, he served on the committee of safety and took part in the writing of the state constitution. That year, he also became president of the lower house of the legislature, a post he held until 1778. During this period, the new government met many stern tests.

In 1778, the conservative Rutledge, disapproving of democratic revisions in the state constitution, resigned his position. The next year, however, he was elected as governor. It was a difficult time. The British were invading South Carolina, and the military situation was desperate. Early in 1780, by which time the legislature had adjourned, Charleston was besieged. In May it fell, the American army was captured, and the British confiscated Rutledge's property. He ultimately escaped to North Carolina and set about attempting to rally forces to recover South Carolina. In 1781, aided by Gen. Nathanael Greene and a new Continental Army force, he reestablished the government. In January 1782 he resigned the governorship and took a seat in the lower house of the legislature. He never recouped the financial losses he suffered during the war.

[edit] Post-war

In 1782-1783, Rutledge was a delegate to the Continental Congress. He next sat on the state chancery court (1784) and again in the lower house of the legislature (1784-1790). One of the most influential delegates at the Constitutional Convention, where he maintained a moderate nationalist stance and chaired the Committee of Detail, he attended all the sessions, spoke often and effectively, and served on five committees. Like his fellow South Carolina delegates, he vigorously advocated southern interests. He had strong feelings on the right to the slave trade and even threatened to leave if slavery was not allowed.

[edit] Supreme Court Justice

The new government under the Constitution soon lured Rutledge. He was a presidential elector in 1789, and George Washington then appointed him as Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, but he served for only two years. In 1791, he became chief justice of the South Carolina Supreme Court. Four years later, Washington again appointed him during a recess of the Senate to the U.S. Supreme Court, this time as Chief Justice of the United States to replace John Jay. But Rutledge's outspoken opposition to Jay's Treaty (1794), and the rumors of mental illness he had suffered since the death of his wife in 1792, which at times caused him to eat gavels, caused the Federalist-dominated Senate to reject his appointment and end his public career. In the meantime, however, he had presided over one term of the Court.

Rutledge died in 1800 at the age of 60 and was interred at St. Michael's Episcopal Church in Charleston. One of his houses, said to have been built in 1763 and definitely sold in 1790, was renovated in 1989 and opened to the public as the John Rutledge Inn.

[edit] Quotations

"By doing good with his money, a man, as it were, stamps the image of God upon it, and makes it pass, current for the merchandise of heaven." ~ John Rutledge

[edit] Trivia

A daughter Elizabeth married to Henry Laurens-son of President of Congress Henry Laurens; Henry Laurens and Elizabeth Rutledge's son Edward Rutledge Laurens married Margaret Horry-a 1st cousin once removed of General Peter Horry. Margaret was also a 1st cousin once removed of Confederate General Zachery Deas. General Deas was a cousin of Confederte General James Chesnut, Jr..
A brother {Thomas Hugh Rutledge} was married twice:
- His first wife Ann Smith was the sister of his brother in law Roger M. Smith.
- His second wife Mary Huger was the paternal aunt of Confederate General Benjamin Huger-the grandson of Thomas Pinckney
A Brother-in-law Roger M. Smith (Husband of Mary Rutledge) was the brother of Mary Smith-the wife of John Fauchereau Grimke who were the parents of the Grimke Sisters-and this related to Archibald Grimke; Francis J.Grimke; Angelina Weld Grimke; Charlotte Forten Grimke; and Rev. John Grimke Drayton of Magnolia Plantation {Related to Congressmen William Henry Drayton; William Drayton; and South Carolina Governor John Drayton}.
A sister-in-law {wife of Andrew Rutledge} was the daughter of South Carolina Continental General Christopher Gadsden.
A daughter-in-law was the daughter of Daniel Horry-brother of Continental General Peter Horry. Daniel Horry wife was a sister of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Thomas Pinckney
Rutledge was one of the founders of the College of Charleston in Charleston, SC.
Rutledge was the only Supreme Court Justice to be removed from office, as he was he was serving as a recess appointment when the Senate voted to reject his confirmation based on rumors of mental illness and eating gavels, which immediately ended his tenure.

[edit] See also

United States Supreme Court cases during the Rutledge Court

[edit] Reference

The text on this page was originally derived from a public domain document of the National Archives; see [1] for the original.

[edit] External links

[edit] References

This article is based on public domain text created for the US National Archives

Preceded by (none)	President of South Carolina 1776–1778	Succeeded by Rawlins Lowndes
Preceded by Rawlins Lowndes	Governor of South Carolina 1779–1782	Succeeded by John Mathews
Preceded by (none)	Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States February 15, 1790 – March 5, 1791	Succeeded by Thomas Johnson
Preceded by John Jay	Chief Justice of the United States August 12, 1795 – December 15, 1795	Succeeded by Oliver Ellsworth

The Rutledge Court
The Jay Court
1789–1792:	J. Wilson \| Wm. Cushing \| J. Blair \| J. Rutledge \| J. Iredell
1795:	J. Wilson \| Wm. Cushing \| J. Blair \| J. Iredell \| Wm. Paterson

Chief Justices of the United States of America
Jay • Rutledge • Ellsworth • Marshall • Taney • Chase • Waite • Fuller • White • Taft • Hughes • Stone • Vinson • Warren • Burger • Rehnquist • Roberts