Manzanar
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| Manzanar National Historic Site | |
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| Location: | Inyo County, California, USA |
| Nearest city: | Independence, California |
| Coordinates: | |
| Area: | 814 acres (3.29 km²) |
| Established: | March 3, 1992 |
| Total Visitation: | 78,172 (in 2005) |
| Governing body: | National Park Service |
Manzanar National Historic Site (formerly the Manzanar War Relocation Center) was a Japanese American internment camp during World War II that operated in the Owens Valley, between the towns of Lone Pine, California on the south, and Independence, California on the north. Manzanar (which means "apple orchard" in Spanish) is the best-known of the ten camps in which Japanese Americans, both citizens (including natural-born Americans) and resident aliens, were imprisoned during World War II. Located at the foot of the imposing Sierra Nevada, Manzanar has been identified as the best preserved of these camps by the United States National Park Service which maintains and is restoring the site as a U.S. National Historic Site.
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[edit] Wartime Manzanar
Manzanar held 10,046 internees at its peak, and a total of 11,070 were imprisoned there. Over 110,000 persons of Japanese descent were incarcerated as a provision of Executive Order 9066.
On December 6, 1942, there was a riot and sentries shot two detainees. In February of 1943, provisions of the Registration Act required camp officials to transfer detainees who would not take a loyalty oath to the Tule Lake War Relocation Center. After the turmoil that this caused, the residents began to improve the camp significantly.
During the waning years of the war, the military presence at the camp was reduced and many internees were allowed to wander around the countryside and even fish and hunt in the Sierras. The camp was closed in November of 1945. Many internees did not want to leave because most had nothing to return to. One hundred and thirty-five people died during its operation as a War Relocation Center but only 15 were buried there (the rest were buried in hometown cemeteries).
Most photographs of Manzanar during the Japanese internment were shot by Toyo Miyatake, who was interned along with his family, and Ansel Adams. Adams, known for his breathtaking shots of Yosemite befriended Miyatake while visiting the camp. Miyatake, a Los Angeles-based photographer and artist, smuggled in a lens, film, and film holder and later had a craftsman in camp construct a wooden box with a door that hid the lens. Miyatake's contraband camera was eventually discovered and confiscated, however, the camp director appointed Miyatake the official photographer of the camp - allowing him to photograph freely within the camp. Initially, Miyatake was not allowed to actually press the shutter button, requiring a guard or camp official to do this simple task. Eventually, the administrator saw no point to this technicality and allowed Miyatake to take the picture solely by himself. In the TV movie Farewell to Manzanar, Pat Morita portrayed Zenahiro, a character based on Miyatake.
[edit] Other notable Manzanar internees
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- Sadao Munemori, who was awarded the Medal of Honor (posthumously) for his courage in Europe
- Koji Ariyoshi
[edit] Manzanar today
Almost all the buildings were sold in the 1940s and in 1942 the site returned to the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, the organization that leased the land. However, due to public interest in the internment camps and the organization of the Manzanar Committee, the United States National Park Service began action to preserve the site as a memorial. The Park Service is working to build replicas of barracks and a latrine to create a demonstration block. An interpretive center opened in the former Manzanar High School auditorium, which was previously used as a maintenance facility for the Inyo County road department.
A shrine in the form of an obelisk was built in the cemetery by a group of internees led by Ryozo Kado in 1943. There is an inscription in Japanese on the shrine that reads, 慰靈塔 ("Monument to console the souls of the dead.") The inscription on the back reads "August 1943" and "erected by the Manzanar Japanese." The obelisk shrine currently is draped in strings of origami and has offerings of personal items left by survivors and visitors. The park service periodically itemizes and collects these items in order to gauge the changing feelings of visitors.
An annual pilgrimage to Manzanar, organized by camp survivors, takes place on the last Saturday of April each year. The first such public gathering was in 1969; however, a small group of survivors had been making the pilgrimage since the 1940s.
Visitors to Manzanar (or any other internment camp) are warned to watch for and avoid rattlesnakes, scorpions, spiders, wasps, and other dangerous wildlife which may be present in the remote, back country areas which were selected for the internment camps. If planning to explore on foot at any time of year, visitors should bring plenty of drinking water due to the desert location.
On December 21, 2006 President Bush signed H.R. 1492 into law guaranteeing $38,000,000 in federal money to restore the Manzanar relocation center along with nine other former Japanese internment camps. "H.R. 1492".
[edit] Other works about Manzanar
Farewell to Manzanar ISBN 0-553-27258-6 was written by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston in 1972, recounting her personal experiences in the camp as a seven year-old internee. This non-fiction book has become a staple of curriculum in schools and on campuses across the United States.
Fort Minor's song Kenji tells the very real story of the life of Mike Shinoda's family before, during and after World War II including their internment at Manzanar. In the song, it is told about the Attack on Pearl Harbor along with the death of his uncle in the camp and their return back into the world after the war.
Channel 3 (band)'s song titled "Manzanar" is about the internment.
[edit] Gallery
 Manzanar sign |
 Manzanar shrine. |
 Manzanar shrine (rear). |
 Cemetery wide shot. |
 Sentry gate. |
 Baby Ogata gravesite. |
 The locations of key facilities are marked. |
 The NPS' Interpretive Center is located in the former auditorium |
 Farm workers at Manzanar War Relocation Center with Mt. Williamson in the background. (Photo by Ansel Adams) |
 Baseball game at the camp. Photo by Ansel Adams, ca. 1943. |
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- National Park Service, Manzanar National Historic Site
- Manzanar Committee - Group that organizes the annual Manzanar Pilgrimage and spearheaded the drive to preserve and protect the site, including the movement to make Manzanar a National Historic Site
- Controversy in the Desert - The Baseball Diamond at Manzanar
- Ansel Adams photographs of the Manzanar Relocation Center in 1943 at the Library of Congress
- The War Relocation Centers of World War II: When Fear Was Stronger Than Justice a lesson on the Manzanar Relocation Center for young people.
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- Satellite image from WikiMapia, Google Maps or Windows Live Local
- Street map from MapQuest or Google Maps
- Topographic map from TopoZone
- Aerial image from TerraServer-USA
[edit] References
- Weglyn, Michi. (1976, 1996). Years Of Infamy: The Untold Story Of America's Concentration Camps. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97484-2.
Categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2006 | All articles lacking sources | History of California | Internment camps | Inyo County, California | Japanese American internment | National Historic Sites of the United States | Registered Historic Places in California | National Historic Landmarks of the United States | Sierra Nevada
