Mental calculator
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mental calculators are people with a prodigious ability in some area of mental calculation, such as multiplying large numbers or factoring large numbers. Some mental calculators are autistic savants, with a narrow area of great skill and poor mental development in other directions, but many are people of normal mental development who have simply developed advanced calculating ability. A good many are also experienced mathematicians, linguists, writers, and so on.
Mental calculators were in great demand in research centers such as CERN before the advent of modern electronic calculators and computers. See, for instance, the 1983 book The Great Mental Calculators, whose introduction was written by Hans Eberstark.
Some of the world's best mental calculators gather every two years to compete for the Mental Calculation World Cup.
Michael O'Boyle, an American psychologist previously working in Australia and now at Texas Tech University, has recently used MRI scanning of blood flow during mental operation in mathematical prodigies to display startling results. These math prodigies achieve blood flow to parts of the brain responsible for mathematical operations at six to seven times the typical flow (see Cognitive Brain Research, October, 2005).
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[edit] Mental calculators from history
- Aitken, Alexander Craig, [1]
- Bidder, George Parker,
- Buxton, Jedediah,
- Colburn, Zerah,
- Dase, Johann Zacharias,
- Deshong, Peter M.,
- Diamandi, Pericles,
- Eberstark, Hans,
- Finkelstein, Salo,
- Fuller, Thomas,
- Griffith, Arthur F.,
- Inaudi, Jacques,
- Klein, Wim (a.k.a. Willem Klein), [2]
- Lemaire, Alexis,
- Ruckle, Gottfried,
- Safford, Truman Henry,
- Daniel Tammet,
[edit] Mental calculators in fiction
In Frank Herbert's novel Dune, specially trained mental calculators known as Mentats have replaced mechanical computers completely. Several important supporting characters in the novel, namely Piter De Vries and Thufir Hawat, are Mentats.
Andrew Jackson "Slipstick" Libby is a calculating prodigy in Robert A. Heinlein's story "Misfit".
In Haruki Murakami's novel Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World, a class of mental calculators known as Calcutecs perform cryptography in a sealed-off portion of their brains, the results of which they are unable to access from their normal waking consciousness.
[edit] Mental calculators in competition
The Mental Calculation World Cup is an international competition to attempt to find the world's best mental calculator, and also the best at specific types of mental calculation, such as multiplication or calendar reckoning.
The top three calculators from the inaugural championships, held in 2004, were:
| 1 |  Robert Fountain |
|---|---|
| 2 |  Jan van Koningsveld |
| 3 |  Alberto Coto |
The top three calculators from the second championships, held in 2006, were:
| 1 | Robert Fountain |
|---|---|
| 2 | Jan van Koningsveld |
| 3 |  Gert Mittring |
The Mind Sports Olympiad has staged an annual world championships since 1997.
[edit] MSO mental calculation gold medal winners
| 1997 |  Karl Galle |
|---|---|
| 1998 | Robert Fountain |
| 1999 | George Lane |
| 2000 | Robert Fountain |
| 2001 | John Rickard |
| 2002 | George Lane |
| 2003 | George Lane |
| 2004 | Gert Mittring |
| 2005 | Gert Mittring |
| 2006 | Gert Mittring |
The Mind Sports Organisation recognises three grandmasters of mental calculation: Robert Fountain (1999), George Lane (2001) and Gert Mittring (2005).
