Mahkamah Malaysia
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Malaysia adalah persekutuan daripada tigabelas negeri, tetapi kuasa kehakiman teretak pada persekutuan hampir keseluruhan eksklusifnya pada sistem mahkamah persekutuan.
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[Sunting] Sejarah
Sistem mahkamah di Malaysia mempunyai sejarah asal-usulnya dalam piagam tahun 1807 dikenali sebagai Piagam Keadilan Pertama di mana Syarikat India Timur British memperolehi hak daripada Diraja British untuk mengadakan Mahkamah Keadilan di penempatan Pulau Pinang.
Sebelum pembentukan Malaysia dalam tahun 1963, terdapat tiga Mahkamah Agung di dalam Commonwealth Asia Tenggara:
- Mahkamah Agung Persekutuan Malaya
- Mahkamah Agung Singapura
- Mahkamah Agung Sarawak, Borneo Utara dan Brunei
Setiap Mahkamah Agung mengandungi satu Mahkamah Tinggi dan satu Mahkamah Rayuan, dan telah diketuai oleh Ketua Hakim.
[Sunting] Pembentukan Malaysia
Dalam tahun 1963 wilayah-wilayah British yang masih tinggal, telah dikorporatkan menjadi Persekutuan Malaysia yang lebih besar. Perlembagaan 1963 telah diganti dengan pelbagai Mahkamah Rayuan dan satu Mahkamah Persekutuan Malaysia, yang diketuai oleh Ketua Hakim Mahkamah Persekutuan, bersama tiga Mahkamah Tinggi, yang masing-masing diketuai oleh Ketua Hakim, seperti di bawah ini:
- Mahkamah Tinggi Malaya
- Mahkamah Tinggi Singapura
- Mahkamah Tinggi Borneo
Satu Mahkamah Agong Keadilan telah diwujudkan di Brunei.
Mahkamah Tinggi Singapura telah berhenti menjadi sebahagian daripada sistem mahkamah Malaysia apabila Singapura meninggalkan persekutuan tersebut pada 9 Ogos 1965.
[Sunting] Rayuan Majlis Privi
Walaupun selepas kemerdekaan Malaya dan pembentukan Malaysia, menurut perjanjian antara Her Majesty The Queen dan His Majesty The Yang di-Pertuan Agong, dan Artikel 131 daripada Federal Constitution, keputusan kehakiman daripada Mahkamah Persekutuan boleh diambil di atas rayuan ke Judicial Committee of the Privy Council di London.
Rayuan Majlis Privi ke atas perkara kriminal dan perlembagaan telah di mansuhkan pada[[1 Januari ][1978]].Rayuan sivil juga telah di mansuhkan pada [[1 Januari][1985]], di mana Mahkamah Persekutuan telah dinamakan semula sebagai "Mahkamah Agung Malaysia".
[Sunting] Reformasi 1994
Dalam tahun 1994, bagi mengekalkan tingkat kedua di dalam sistem rayuan yang telah hilang apabila rayuan-rayuan Majlis Privi telah dibatalkan, Perlembagaan telah diubah untuk menubuhkan Mahkah Rayuan Malaysia (diketuai oleh President Mahkamah Rayuan) dibawah Mahkamah Agong, yang mana sekali lagi dinamakan semula under the Supreme Court, which once again was renamed the "Mahkamah Persekutuan Malaysia".
Sebagai sebahagian daripada Malaysia Barat, Mahkamah Tinggi Borneo teklah dinamakan "Mahkamah Tinggi Sabah dan Sarawak". The office of Lord President of the Supreme Court was replaced by that of "Chief Justice of Malaysia", while the Chief Justices of Malaya and Borneo were re-titled "Chief Judge of Malaya" and "Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak" respectively. These changes were seen by many in the Opposition as an attempt to downgrade the prestige of the judiciary.
[Sunting] Diadili oleh juri
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Until 1995, there was a right to trial by jury - usually by a jury of seven men and women - in all capital cases.
Trial by jury was available in all cases on indictment in the former British settlements of Penang and Malacca until they were restricted to capital cases in 1978. In the Malay states, trial by jury had not been available under colonial rule, with capital cases being tried by a judge sitting with two assessors, but was introduced for capital cases after independence in 1957 by the first prime minister of Malaya, Tunku Abdul Rahman. In Sabah and Sarawak, capital trials continued to be tried by a judge sitting with two assessors, as they had been before independence.
Daripada 1 Januari 1995, jury trials throughout Malaysia were abolished.
[Sunting] Superior Courts
[Sunting] The High Courts
The High Courts have general supervisory and revisionary jurisdiction over all the Subordinate Courts, and jurisdiction to hear appeals from the Subordinate Courts in civil and criminal matters.
The High Courts have unlimited civil jurisdiction, and generally hear actions where the claim exceeds 250,000 Malaysian ringgit (RM), other than actions involving motor vehicle accidents, landlord and tenant disputes and distress. The High Courts hear all matters relating to:
- the validity or dissolution of marriage (divorce) and matrimonial causes,
- bankruptcy and matters relating to the winding-up of companies,
- guardianship or custody of children,
- grants of probate, wills and letters of administration of estates,
- injunctions, specific performance or rescissions of contracts,
- legitimacy of persons.
The High Courts have unlimited jurisdiction in all criminal matters other than matters involving Islamic law.
Cases are heard by a single judge in the High Court, or by a judicial commissioner. While High Court judges enjoy security of tenure, judicial commissioners are appointed for a term of two years, and do not enjoy similar protection under the Constitution.
[Sunting] The Court of Appeal
The Court of Appeal generally hears all civil appeals against decisions of the High Courts except where against judgment or orders made by consent. In cases where:
- the claim is less than RM250,000,
- the judgment or order relates to costs only,
- the appeal is against a decision of a judge in chambers on an interpleader summons on undisputed facts,
the leave of the Court of Appeal must first be obtained.
The Court of Appeal also hears appeals of criminal decisions of the High Court.
[Sunting] The Federal Court
The Federal Court may hear appeals of civil decisions of the Court of Appeal where the Federal Court grants leave to do so.
The Federal Court also hears criminal appeals from the Court of Appeal, but only in respect of matters heard by the High Court in its original jurisdiction (i.e. where the case has not been appealed from the Subordinate Courts).
[Sunting] Subordinate courts
The Magistrates' Courts and Sessions Courts in Malaysia have jurisdiction in both criminal and civil matters.
[Sunting] Sessions Courts
Somewhat like the former Quarter Sessions in England, the Sessions Courts have jurisdiction to try offences which are not punishable by death. They are presided over by Sessions Court judges (formerly Sessions Court Presidents).
The Sessions Courts also hear all civil matters of which the claim exceeds RM25,000 but does not exceed RM250,000, except in matters relating to motor vehicle accidents, landlord and tenant and distress, where the Sessions Courts have unlimited jurisdiction.
[Sunting] Magistrates' Courts
Magistrates are divided into First Class and Second Class Magistrates, the former being legally qualified and having greater powers. Second Class Magistrates are now not normally appointed.
The Magistrates' Courts hear all civil matters of which the claim does not exceed RM25,000.
In criminal matters, First Class Magistrates' Courts generally have power to try all offences of which the maximum term of imprisonment does not exceed 10 years or which are punishable with fine only, but may pass sentences of not more than five years imprisonment, a fine of up to RM10,000, and/or up to twelve strokes of the cane.
The Magistrates' Courts also hear appeals from the Penghulu's Courts.
[Sunting] Other courts
The court of a penghulu, or Malay village head, has the power to hear civil matters of which the claim does not exceed RM50, where the parties are of an Asian race and speak and understand the Malay language.
The Penghulu's Court's criminal jurisdiction is limited to offences of a minor nature charged against a person of Asian race which is specially enumerated in his warrant, which can be punished with a fine not exceeding RM25.
In Sabah and Sarawak, there are no Penghulus' Courts, but there are instead Native Courts having jurisdiction on matters of native law and custom.
There exist also Juvenile Courts for cases involving minors.
[Sunting] Syariah Courts
There is a parallel system of state Syariah Courts which has limited jurisdiction over matters of state Islamic (shariah) law. The Syariah Courts have jurisdiction only over matters involving Muslims, and can generally only pass sentences of not more than three years imprisonment, a fine of up to RM5,000, and/or up to six strokes of the cane.
[Sunting] List of Chief Justices of the Federal Court
For a list of Lord Presidents, see Lord President of the Federal Court.
- Tun Abdul Hamid Omar 1994, previously Lord President
- Tun Mohamed Eusoff Chin 1994 - 2000
- Tun Mohamed Dzaiddin Abdullah 2000 - 2003
- Tun Ahmad Fairuz Abdul Halim 2003 -
