Ned Kelly

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Edward "Ned" Kelly (c. January 1855 – 11 November 1880) is Australia's most infamous bushranger, and, to many, a folk hero for his defiance of the colonial authorities. Born near Melbourne to an Irish convict father, as a young man he soon came into conflict with the police. After killing three policemen, he and his gang became outlaws, and entered a two-year career of killing and bank robbery. A final violent confrontation with police at Glenrowan, with Kelly dressed in home-made plate metal armour and helmet, led to his capture and trial. He was hanged at Melbourne Gaol in 1880. His daring and notoriety led to him becoming an iconic figure in Australian history, and the subject of literature, art and film.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Rise to notoriety 3 The Fitzpatrick Incident 4 The Killings at Stringybark Creek 5 Bank robberies 5.1 Euroa 5.2 Jerilderie 6 Capture, trial and execution 7 The Kelly Aftermath and the lessons 8 The Kellys and the Modern Era 9 Cultural effect 9.1 Ned Kelly as a political icon 9.2 Ned Kelly in iconography 9.3 Ned Kelly in fiction 9.4 Films and television 9.5 Songs 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Fiction 12.2 Unpublished Kelly thesis 13 See also 14 External links

[edit] Early life

"Red" Kelly, the father of Ned Kelly, was convicted in Ireland and transported to Van Diemen's Land. There is historical uncertainty surrounding this conviction and as most of Ireland's court records were destroyed during the Irish Civil War, it is unlikely to be resolved.

Jones claims that 'Red' stole two pigs belonging to Coloney. Brown suggested Red attempted to shoot an Irish landlord. Another claims Red stole two pigs which were the property of Mr. Quainy. According to Jones, 'Red' was an informer, but again this claim is contested. Whatever his crime, 'Red' was sentenced to seven years of penal transportation to Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) and arrived in 1842.

After his release in 1848, Red moved to Victoria in 1849 and found work in Beveridge at the farm of James Quinn, a member of the Quinn extended family or "clan". Red Kelly, aged 30, married Quinn's daughter Ellen, then 18. Their first child died early, but Ellen then gave birth to a daughter, Annie, in 1853. In all they had eight children.

Their first son, Edward a.k.a. Ned, was born in Beveridge, Victoria just north of Melbourne, probably in January 1855 (perhaps December 1854).^[1]

Ned was baptized by Augustinian priest Charles O'Hea. As a boy he attended school and risked his life to save another boy who was drowning. As a reward he was given a green sash by the boy's family, which he would wear under his armour during his final showdown with police.

The Quinns were always suspected of being involved in cattle or horse stealing, though they were never convicted. Red Kelly was arrested when he killed and skinned a calf which police said belonged to a neighbour. He was found not guilty of theft, but guilty of having removed the brand from the skin and fined 25 pounds or six months with hard labour. Not having money to pay the fine Red went to Kilmore gaol. The saga surrounding Red and his treatment by police, remained with Ned.

Red Kelly died at Avenal Vic on 27 December 1866 when Ned was only eleven and a half (as recorded by Ned on death certificate)^{[citation needed]}, and according to custom he was forced to leave school to become head of the family. It was at this time that the Kelly family moved to the Glenrowan area of Victoria, which to this day is known as Kelly Country. Ned grew up in poverty in some of the harshest conditions in Australia, and folk tales tell of his sleeping on the ground in the bush during the Victorian winter.

In all, 18 charges were brought against members of Ned's immediate family before he was declared an outlaw, while only half that number resulted in guilty verdicts. This is a highly unusual ratio for the time, and is one of the reasons that has caused many to posit that Ned's family was unfairly targeted from the time they moved to North-East Victoria. Perhaps the move was necessary because of Ellen's squabbles with family members and her appearances in court over family disputes.^[2] O'Brien, however argued that Victoria's colonial policing in those days had nothing to do with winning a conviction, rather the determinant of one's criminality was the arrest.^[3] Further, O'Brien argued, using the 'Statistics of Victoria' crime figures that the region's or family's or national criminality was determined not by individual arrests, but rather by the total number of arrests.^[4]

[edit] Rise to notoriety

In 1869, 14-year-old Ned was arrested for assaulting a Chinese pig farmer named Ah Fook.^[5] Ah Fook claimed that he had been robbed by Ned, whose story was that Ah Fook had a row with his sister Annie. Ned spent ten days in custody before the charges were dismissed. But from now on the police regarded him as a "juvenile bushranger".

The following year he was arrested and accused of being an accomplice of bushranger Harry Power. No convincing evidence was produced in court and he was released after a month. Historians tend to disagree over this episode: some see it as evidence of police harassment; others believe that Kelly’s relatives intimidated the witnesses, making them reluctant to give evidence. Power was eventually arrested while hiding out on land belonging to Kelly's relatives. Ned's Grandfather Quinn owned a huge piece of land known as Glenmore Station at the head waters of the King River. It was at the top of this land where Power lived - on Quinn's land. Ironically just over the range on the other side is where Stringybark Creek is located.

In October 1870 Ned was arrested again for assaulting a hawker, Jeremiah McCormack, and for his part in sending Kelly McCormack, his wife, an indecent note that had calves' testicles enclosed with it. This was a result of a row earlier that day caused when McCormack accused some friends of the Kellys of using his horse without permission. Ned did not write the note, but passed it to one of his cousins to give to the lady. He was sentenced to three months' hard labour on each charge.

Upon his release Ned returned home. There he met Isaiah "Wild" Wright who had arrived in the area on a beautiful chestnut mare. The mare had gone missing and since Wright needed to go back to Mansfield he asked Ned to find and keep it until his return. Ned found the mare and used it to go to town. He always maintained that he had no idea that the mare actually belonged to the Mansfield postmaster and that Wright had stolen it. While riding through Greta, Ned was approached by Constable Hall who did know that the horse was stolen property. When his attempt to arrest Ned turned into a fight, Hall brought out his gun and tried to shoot him, but Kelly overpowered the policeman and humiliated him by pretending to ride him like a horse. Hall later struck Kelly several times with his revolver after he had been arrested. After just three weeks of freedom, 16-year-old Ned was sentenced to three years imprisonment along with his brother-in-law Alex Gunn. "Wild" Wright got only eighteen months.

While Ned was in prison, his brothers Jim (aged 10) and Dan (aged 12) were arrested by Constable Flood for riding a horse that did not belong to them. The horse had been lent to them by a farmer for whom they had been doing some work, but the boys had to spend a night in the cells before the matter was cleared.

Two years later, Jim Kelly was arrested as part of a cattle-rustling operation. He and his family claimed that he did not know that some of the cattle did not belong to his employer Tom Lloyd. Nevertheless he was given a five-year sentence.

[edit] The Fitzpatrick Incident

Ned's mother, Ellen, was now married to a man from California named George King, with whom she had three children. He, Ned and Dan became involved in a cattle rustling operation.

On the 15 April 1878, Constable Alexander Fitzpatrick arrived at Benalla suffering from 'wounds' to his left wrist. He claimed that he had been attacked by Ned, Dan, Ellen, and their friends Bricky Williamson and Bill Skillion, all armed with revolvers. Williamson and Skillion were soon arrested. Ned and Dan were nowhere to be found but Ellen was taken into custody along with her baby, Alice. She was still in prison at the time of Ned's execution. Ellen later remarried, and died on the 27 March 1923.

The Kellys claimed that Fitzpatrick had come to their house in order to question Dan over the cattle rustling issue. While there he made a pass at Dan's sister Kate. The men and her mother had only defended her by physically knocking him to the ground. They had bandaged his wrist and he had left saying that no real harm had been done. No guns, they claimed, were used during the incident, and Ned was in no way involved since he was actually in New South Wales at the time.

[edit] The Killings at Stringybark Creek

Based perhaps on previous experience, Dan and Ned doubted very much that they could convince the authorities of their side of the story. Instead they went into hiding, where they were later joined by their friends Joe Byrne and Steve Hart.

On 25 October 1878, Sergeant Kennedy set off to search for the Kellys, accompanied by Constables McIntyre, Lonigan, and Scanlon. The wanted men were suspected of being in the Wombat Ranges North of Mansfield Victoria. The police set up a camp near two shepherd huts at Stringybark Creek hut at Stringybark Creek in a heavily timbered area.^[6]

On arrival the police split into two groups: two officers went in search of the Kellys while the other two remained to guard their camp. Evidence comes from the Royal Commission report of 1881 into the Kelly Outbreak wherein McIntyre testifies.^[7] It is also believed that Kennedy and his party's hunt for the Kellys had more to do with the rewards offered for a successful capture than with justice.^[8]

The police at camp fired at some parrots unaware they were only a mile away from the Kelly camp. Alerted by the shooting, the Kellys nearby discovered the well armed police camped near the ' Shingle hut ' at Stringybark Creek. They were in disguise and dressed as prospectors - yet their pack horses hobbled nearby had leather strap arrangements suitable for carrying out bodies.

Ned Kelly and his brother Dan considered their chances of survival against such a well-armed, determined party, and they decided to overpower the two officers while they could, then wait for the two others to return. The plan was for them to surrender, take their arms and horses and clear out. At least this way they could be some match against another police party that had set out at the same time from Benalla but heading south. (Ned had been tipped off to this other party's existence.) As Ned and Dan had some friends with them this day, they decided to advance into the police camp, ordering them to surrender; Constable Lonigan drew his revolver and aimed, and the first volley of fire hit and killed him instantly. McIntyre was not harmed as he threw his arms up.

When the other two police returned to camp, in fear for his life, Constable McIntyre suggested for them to surrender as they had been held up. Sergeant Kennedy, thinking this was a joke, went for his gun; Ned stepped forward and the shootout started, and Scanlan was killed. With Lonigan and Scanlan now dead, Kennedy ran for it shooting from tree to tree with Ned in pursuit, and he was eventually caught and shot. Ned and his mates went out of their way to help Sergeant Kennedy after the shooting, making him as comfortable as possible, but, realizing his wound was fatal and he would not live, Ned decided to fire again to end Kennedy's misery.^{[citation needed]}

The exact place at Germans Creek where this occurred has only recently been identified, after 129 years.^[9] On leaving the scene Ned stole Sergeant Kennedy's hand written note for his wife - and his gold fob watch. Asked later why he took the watch, Ned replied, "What's the use of a watch to a dead man?" Kennedy's gold fob watch was returned to his kin many years later. The recovery, many years later, of the fob watch from descendants of a woman named "Madela" adds weight to the theory that Ned was married.^[10]

[edit] Bank robberies

The gang committed two major robberies, at Euroa and Jerilderie. Their strategy involved the taking of hostages and robbing the bank safes.

[edit] Euroa

On the 10 December 1878, the gang raided the National Bank at Euroa. They had already taken a number of hostages at Faithful Creek station and went to the bank claiming to be delivering a message from McCauley, the station manager. They got into the bank and held up the manager, Scott, and his two tellers. After obtaining all the money available, the outlaws ordered Scott, his wife, family, maids and tellers to accompany them to Faithful Creek where they were locked up with the other hostages, who included the station's staff and some passing hawkers and sportsmen. (It is claimed that Ned, posing as a policeman, took one of the men prisoner on the grounds of being the "notorious Ned Kelly". The man was locked up in the storeroom saying that he would report the "officer" to his superiors. It was only then that he was told who his captor was.)

The outlaws gave an exhibition of horsemanship which entertained and surprised their hostages. After having supper, and telling the hostages not to raise the alarm for another three hours, they left.

The entire crime had been carried out without injury and the gang had netted £2000, a large sum in those days.

[edit] Jerilderie

The raid on Jerilderie is particularly noteworthy for its boldness and cunning. The gang arrived in the town on Saturday 8 February 1879. They broke into the local police station and imprisoned police officers Richards and Devine in their own cell. The outlaws then changed into the police uniforms and mixed with the locals, claiming to be reinforcements from Sydney.

On Monday the gang rounded up various people and forced them into the back parlour of the Royal Mail Hotel. While Dan and Steve Hart kept the hostages busy, Ned and Joe Byrne raided the local bank of about two thousand pounds. Kelly also burned all the townspeople's mortgage deeds in the bank.

The Jerilderie Letter Some months prior to arriving in Jerilderie, Ned dictated a lengthy letter for publication describing his view of his activities and the treatment of his family and, more generally, the treatment of Irish Catholics by the police and the English and Irish Protestant squatters. The Jerilderie Letter, as it is called, is a document of some 8,300 words and has become a famous piece of Australian literature. Kelly had written a letter (14 December 1878) to a politician Cameron stating his grievances, but that correspondence was suppressed from the public. Hence, Kelly's determination to have the 'Jerilderie Letter' published. From the first lines of the letter Kelly states his case, understanding that in his fight against his oppressors that the printed word was more important than guns, or money. The letter was never published but was concealed until re-discovered in 1930. It was then published by the Melbourne Herald. Max Brown published the letter in his book, Australian Son (1948). The hand written document was donated anonymously to the Victorian State Library in 2000. Several historians have researched the letter and published articles and books. The historian McDermott says, 'even now it's hard to defy his voice. With this letter Kelly inserts himself into history, on his own terms, with his own voice...We hear the living speaker in a way that no other document in our history achieves...' The language is colourful, rough and full of metaphors; it is 'one of the most extraordinary documents in Australian history'.

[edit] Capture, trial and execution

The gang now knew that one of them, Aaron Sherritt, was a police informer. On the 26 June 1880 Joe Byrne went to Sherritt's house and murdered him. The four policemen who were with him at the time hid under the bed and did not report the murder until late the following morning. This delay was to prove crucial since it upset Ned's timing for another ambush.

The Kelly Gang arrived in Glenrowan on 27 June taking about 70 hostages at the Glenrowan Inn, owned by Annie Jones. They knew that a train loaded with police was on its way and ordered the rail tracks pulled up in order to cause a derailment.

The gang members donned their now famous armour. The armour was made with stolen and donated plough parts. It is not known exactly who made the armour. Some suggest they made it themselves, other suggest it was made by sympathetic blacksmiths. Each man's armour weighed about 96 pounds (44 kg); all four had helmets, and Joe Byrne's was said to be the most well done, with the brow reaching down to the nose piece, almost forming two eye slits.

While holed up in the Glenrowan Inn, their attempt to derail the police train failed when a released hostage, schoolmaster Thomas Curnow, gave the alert, at great risk to his own life, by standing on the railway line near sunrise, waving a red scarf illuminated by a candle. The police then laid siege to the inn.

At about dawn on Monday 28 June, Ned Kelly emerged from the inn in his suit of armour. He marched on to the police firing his gun at them, while their bullets bounced off his armour. His lower limbs however were unprotected and he was shot up to twenty-eight times in the legs (sources vary, some saying six times). The other Kelly Gang members died in the hotel, Joe Byrne allegedly by loss of blood due to a gunshot wound that severed his femoral artery, and Dan Kelly and Steve Hart, which the witness Father Gibney said was by suicide. The police suffered only one minor injury: Superintendent Francis Hare the senior officer on the scene, received a slight wound to his wrist, then fled the battle. For his cowardice the Royal Commission later suspended Hare from the Victorian Police Force.^[11] Also, several hostages were shot, at least two fatally.

Ned Kelly survived to stand trial, and was sentenced to death by Judge Redmond Barry. This case was extraordinary in that there were exchanges between the prisoner Kelly and the Judge, and the case has been the subject of attention by historians and lawyers (See Philips). When the judge uttered the customary words "may God have mercy on your soul", Ned is reported to have replied "I will go a little further than that, and say I will see you there when I go".^[12] He was hanged on 11 November at the Melbourne Jail. Although two newspapers (The Age and Herald Sun) reported Kelly's last words as "Such is life" and two other newspapers as "Ah well, I suppose it has come to this. Such is life", another source, Ned Kelly's gaol warden, writes in his diary that when Kelly was prompted to say his last words that he (Ned Kelly) opened his mouth and mumbled something that he couldn't hear—and since the warden's office is closer to the scene of the hanging than the witnesses' allotted space, Ned Kelly's last words actually remain uncertain. Sir Redmond Barry died of the effects of a carbuncle on his neck on 23 November 1880, twelve days after Kelly.

Stories abounded of Ned's altruistic and gentlemanly behaviour, casting him as a modern-day Robin Hood abound. About 32,000 Victorians signed a petition against Kelly's sentencing.

[edit] The Kelly Aftermath and the lessons

There are two schools of debate around the Kellys. Some dismiss the Kelly Outbreak as simply a spate of criminality. These included: Boxhall, The Story of Australian Bushrangers (1899), Henry Giles Turner, History of the Colony of Victoria (1904) and several police writers of the time like Hare and more modern writers like Penzig (1988) who wrote legitimizing narratives about law and order and moral justification. Others, commencing with Kenneally (1929), and McQuilton (1979) and Jones (1995), perceived the Kelly Outbreak and the problems of Victoria's Land Selection Acts post-1860s as interlinked. McQuilton identified Kelly as the "social bandit" who was caught up in unresolved social contradictions - that is, the selector-squatter conflicts over land - and that Kelly gave the selectors the leadership they so lacked. O'Brien (1999) identified a leaderless rural malaise in Northeastern Victoria as early as 1872-73, around land, policing and the Impounding Act.

After Ned Kelly's death, the Victorian Royal Commission (1881-83) into the Victorian Police Force led to many changes to the nature of policing in the colony. Though the Kelly Gang was destroyed in 1880, for almost seven years a serious threat of a Second Outbreak existed because of major problems around land settlement and selection (McQuilton, Ch. 10). McQuilton suggested two police officers involved in the pursuit of the Kelly Gang, Sadlier and Montford, averted the Second Outbreak by coming to understand that the unresolved social contradiction in Northeastern Victoria was around land, not crime, and by their good work in aiding small selectors.

[edit] The Kellys and the Modern Era

Ned's mother Ellen died at age 85, at a time when trains, planes, cars and radio had been introduced to Australia. Photographs have recently been discovered showing her sitting in a motor car.^[13]

[edit] Cultural effect

One of the gaols in which he was incarcerated has become the Ned Kelly Museum in Glenrowan, Australia, and many weapons and artifacts used by him and his gang are in exhibit there. Since his death, Kelly has become part of Australian folklore, the language and the subject of a large number of books and several films. The Australian term 'as game as Ned Kelly' entered the language and is a common expression.

Films included the first Australian feature, The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906), another with Mick Jagger in the title role, and more recently the 2003 film starring Heath Ledger, Orlando Bloom and Geoffrey Rush. A TV mini series of six episodes The Last Outlaw (1979) highlighted the plight of the selector and the social conflicts and battles between selector and squatters. During the 1960s, Ned Kelly graduated from folk lore into the academic arena. His story and the social issues around land selection, squatters, national identity,^[14] policing and his court case are studied at universities, seminars and lectures.

[edit] Ned Kelly as a political icon

In the time since his execution, Ned Kelly has been mythologized among some into a Robin Hood,^[15] a political revolutionary and a figure of Irish Catholic and working-class resistance to the establishment and British colonial ties.^[16] It is claimed that Kelly's bank robberies were to fund the push for a "Republic of the North-East of Victoria", and that the police found a declaration of the republic in his pocket when he was captured, which has led to him being seen as an icon by some in the Australian Republicanism cause (itself including a lot of Australians of Irish descent, most notably previous Prime Minister Paul Keating and author Thomas Kenneally).

Ned Kelly the honest bushranger.

During the tough days during World War 1 in Australia, a cartoon in the Queensland Worker, later re-printed in Labor Call, 16 September 1915, showed profiteers robbing Australian citizens, while Ned Kelly in armour watches on saying; "Well Well! I never got as low as that, and they hung me.'^[17]

Ned Kelly - invoked to fight the Japanese in 1942

During World War II, Clive Turnbull published, Ned Kelly: Being His Own Story of His Life and Crimes. In the introduction Turnbull invoked the Kelly historical memory to urge Australians to adopt the Kelly spirit and resist the oppression of the potential invader.

[edit] Ned Kelly in iconography

The distinctive homemade armour he wore for his final unsuccessful stand against the police was the subject of a famous series of paintings by Sidney Nolan.

Ironically Jerilderie, one of the towns Ned Kelly robbed, has built its Police Station featuring no less than 19 structural components mimicking his distinctive face plate. Some examples include walls made of differently toned bricks making up his image to storm drains with holes cut in them to form it.

Ned Kelly, based on Sidney Nolan's imagery, appeared in the "Tin Symphony" segment of the opening ceremony for the year 2000 Olympic Games^[18][19].

Ned Kelly has appeared in advertisements, most notably in Bushells tea on television. A man drinking tea in the iconic suit of armour is the focal point of part of the ad.

[edit] Ned Kelly in fiction

A. Bertram Chandler's novel Kelly Country (1983) is an alternate history in which Kelly leads a successful revolution; the result is that Australia becomes a world power. Peter Carey's novel True History of the Kelly Gang was published in 2000, and was awarded the 2001 Booker Prize and the Commonwealth Writers Prize. Ian Jones has produced several books concerning the Kelly Gang, including The Fatal Friendship and Ned Kelly; A short life. Keith Dunstan's Saint Ned (1980) chronicles lesser known aspects of Ned Kelly's life, whilst discussing the rise of the 'Kellyana' industry.

[edit] Films and television

The Story of the Kelly Gang is considered the world's first feature length film: released in 1906, it had a then-unprecedented running time of 70 minutes. One of the actual suits worn by the gang (probably Joe Byrne's) was borrowed from the Victorian Museum and worn in the film.

Harry Southwell wrote, directed and produced three films, The Kelly Gang (1920), When the Kellys Were Out (1923) and When the Kellys Rode (1934), and began work on a fourth, A Message to Kelly (1947).

The Glenrowan Affair was produced by Rupert Kathner in 1951, featuring the exploits of Ned Kelly and his "wild colonial boys" on their journey of treachery, violence, murder and terror, told from the perspective of an ageing Dan Kelly. It starred the famous, tough Carlton footballer Bob Chitty as Ned Kelly. It was one of the last films to portray him with an Australian accent.

In 1967, independent filmmaker Garry Shead directed and produced Stringybark Massacre, an avant garde re-creation of the murder of the three police officers at Stringybark.

The next major film version of the Kelly story was Ned Kelly, starring Rolling Stone Mick Jagger, directed by Tony Richardson, running 1 hour, 43 minutes. It was poorly received and during its making it led to a protest by Australian Actors Equity over the importation of Jagger, and there were complaints from Kelly family descendants and others over the film being shot in New South Wales, rather than in the Victoria locations where most of the events actually took place.

Kelly expert and author Ian Jones worked with Tony Richardson on the script for Ned Kelly, and went on to present his own take on Ned Kelly in his 1980 television mini-series The Last Outlaw, which he co-wrote and produced with Bronwyn Binns. The series premiered on the centenary of the day that Kelly was hanged and its detailed historical accuracy distinguished it from many other films. It had recently been released on DVD.

Yahoo Serious wrote, directed and starred in the 1993 satire film Reckless Kelly as a descendant of Ned Kelly. It was considered a disappointment when compared to his first film, Young Einstein.

In 2003, Ned Kelly, a $30 million budget movie about Kelly's life was released. Directed by Gregor Jordan, and written by John M. McDonagh, it starred Heath Ledger (as Kelly), Orlando Bloom, Geoffrey Rush, and Naomi Watts. Based on Robert Drewe's book Our Sunshine, the film covers the period from Kelly's arrest for horse theft as a teenager, to the Kelly gang's armour-clad battle at Glenrowan, and attempts to portray the events from the perspectives of Kelly, and also of the authorities responsible for his capture and prosecution. That same year a low budget satire movie called Ned was released. Written, directed and starring Abe Forsythe, it depicted the Kelly gang wearing fake beards and tin buckets on their heads.

[edit] Songs

In 1971, US country singer Johnny Cash wrote and recorded the song "Ned Kelly" for his album The Man in Black.

Other songs about Ned Kelly include those by Slim Dusty ("Game as Ned Kelly"), Ashley Davies ("Ned Kelly" (2001)), Waylon Jennings ("Ned Kelly" (1970)), Redgum ("Poor Ned" (1978)), Midnight Oil ("If Ned Kelly Was King" (1983)), The Whitlams ("Kate Kelly" (2002)), and Trevor Lucas ("Ballad of Ned Kelly", performed by Fotheringay on their eponymous album). He was also referred to in the Midnight Oil song "Mountains of Burma" (1990) ("The heart of Kelly's country cleared").

Kevin Seegog, Little Kangaroo(1961?)

"Blame it on the Kellys" from the 1970 film Ned Kelly.

Mick Thomas and Paul Kelly, 'Our Sunshine'

The Australian band The Kelly Gang consists of Jack Nolan, Rick Grossman and Rob Hirst. "Shelter for my Soul" was written and recorded by Powderfinger's Bernard Fanning for the 2003 film Ned Kelly. It was written from Kelly's perspective on death row and played over the movie's closing credits.

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• O'Brien, Antony (2006). Bye-Bye Dolly Gray. Hartwell: Artillery Publishing. 
• Brown, Max (1948). Australian Son. Melbourne: Georgian House.  (plus reprints)
• 'Cameron Letter', 14 December 1878, in Meredith, J. & Scott, B. Ned Kelly After a Century of Acrimony, Lansdowne, Sydney, 1980, pp. 63-66.
• Gibb, D. M. (1982). National Identity and Counsciousness: Commentary and Documents. Melbourne: Nelson. 
• Hare, F.A. (1892). The Last of the Bushrangers. 
• Hobsbawm, E.J. (1972). Bandits. Ringwood: Pelican. 
• Jones, Ian (1995). Ned Kelly : A Short Life. Port Melbourne: Lothian. 
• Kenneally, J.J. (1929). Inner History of the Kelly Gang.  (plus many reprints)
• (2001) in McDermott, Alex: The Jerilderie Letter. Melbourne: Text Publishing. 
• McMenomy, Keith (1984). Ned Kelly: The Authentic Illustrated Story. South Yarra: Curry O'Neill Ross. 
• Penzig, Edgar, F. (1988). Bushrangers - Heroes or Villains. Katoomba: Tranter. 
• Deakin University (1995). The Kelly Outbreak Reader. Geelong: Deakin University. 
• Turnbull, C (1942). Ned Kelly: Being his own story of his life and crimes. Melbourne: Hawthorn Press. 

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Fiction

• Carey, Peter (2000). Ned Kelly, True History of the Kelly Gang. 

[edit] Unpublished Kelly thesis

• Morrissey, Douglas. "Selectors, Squatters and Stock Thieves: A Social History of the Kelly Country", PhD, LaTrobe (in Borchardt Library, La Trobe University, Victoria)
• O'Brien, Antony. "Awaiting Ned Kelly: Rural Malaise in Northestern Victoria 1872-73", B.A. (Hons), Deakin University, 1999 (sighted in Burke Museum, Beechworth)

[edit] See also

• List of people on stamps of Ireland

[edit] External links

• Images and transcript of the Jerilderie Letter at the State Library of Victoria.
• Images, transcript and audio of John Hanlon's transcript of the Jerilderie Letter at the National Museum of Australia
• Ned Kelly, Australia's Iron Icon
• Two Huts at Stringybark Creek
• Glenrowan 1880
• Iron Outlaw
• Convict Creations page on Ned Kelly
• IMDb: Ned Kelly (2003)
• A collection of traditional ballads about Ned Kelly
• Crime Library's account of Kelly's life and death
• Ned Kelly on PictureAustralia
• Ned Kelly in Beechworth

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