Onan
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Onan (אוֹנָן "Strong", Standard Hebrew Onan, Tiberian Hebrew ʾÔnān) is a person described in the book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible. The word onanism, an older term for "spilling of seed" derives from his name because of one interpretation of his actions in the Bible.
[edit] Narrative
Onan was the second son of Judah. After his older brother Er died, Onan was required by the tradition of levirate marriage to marry Er's widow Tamar. According to Genesis 38:7-10, when he had sexual intercourse with Tamar he "spilt his seed upon the ground" because the resulting child would be considered his late brother's, not his. In response to the transgression of disobedience, God killed Onan.
[edit] Interpretations
The earliest interpretations were straightforward. What Onan had done was dishonor his dead brother and shirk his obligations. Exactly how he frustrated the purpose of levirate marriage was irrelevant. The text emphasizes the social or legal setting, with Judah describing what Onan has to do and why. The plain reading is that Onan's sin was refusal to provide his dead brother with an heir.
One Jewish interpretation is that Onan was deserving of the death penalty solely because he sinned by spilling his seed (see Babylonian Talmud tractate Niddah 13a). The narrative is cited as a reason for the ban on both masturbation and coitus interruptus. Medieval Catholic authors interpreted this story as a condemnation of contraception. This interpretation was held by important figures in the early Church, such as Saint Jerome who makes explicit reference to Onan's sexual act:
- But I wonder why he the heretic Jovinianus set Judah and Tamar before us for an example, unless perchance even harlots give him pleasure; or Onan, who was slain because he grudged his brother seed. Does he imagine that we approve of any sexual intercourse except for the procreation of children? (Against Jovinian 1:19, A.D. 393)
Clement of Alexandria, though he does not make explicit reference to Onanism, certainly reflects an early Christian view of the abhorrence of "spilling seed":
- Because of its divine institution for the propagation of man, the seed is not to be vainly ejaculated, nor is it to be damaged, nor is it to be wasted. (The Instructor of Children 2:10:91:2 A.D. 191)
- To have coitus other than to procreate children is to do injury to nature. (The Instructor of Children 2:10:95:3)
However, some modern Biblical scholars assert that Onan's primary sin was to violate the rules of levirate marriage. Possibly, the main purpose of these verses was to denote the punishment for violating the rules of levirate marriage, which was a divine law, rather than for practicing either coitus interruptus or masturbation. This view though fails to explain why similar instances of such a violation are not punished so severely. Most also understand the passage to refer to coitus interruptus.
Some have stated that he wasn't killed because he violated a Levrite law, for in the book of Deuteronomy the punishment was just humiliation, not death. But an interesting fact is that the date estimated in which the giving of the law concerning the "Brother's Duty" is a few hundred years after the incident concerning Onan occurred. The law concerning the Brother's Duty is found in Deuteronomy, whereas the account of Onan is found in Genesis 38. So 200-300 years separate the two occurrences. So the idea that he was killed because he didn't fulfil his duty remains plausible.
More evidence is contained in Leviticus 15, which discusses the ritual impurity resulting from heterosexual intercourse (15:18) separately from that resulting from ejaculation (15:16-17), implying that masturbation is not a capital offense.
Of note is that this is the few recorded incidents in the Pentateuch where God willfully kills a human without using a medium such as a plague or the Angel of Death. Onan's brother, Er, "was wicked in the eyes of the LORD; and the LORD slew him." [38:07)
