Pervasive developmental disorder

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Pervasive developmental disorders
Classification & external resources

ICD-10	F84
ICD-9	299

The diagnostic category pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), as opposed to specific developmental disorders (SDD), refers to a group of five disorders characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including socialization and communication. The most commonly known PDD is (1) Autistic Disorder, with the remaining identified as (2) Rett's Disorder, (3) Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, (4) Asperger's Syndrome, and (5) Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (or PDDNOS).^[1]

Parents may note symptoms of PDD as early as infancy and typically onset is prior to 3 years of age. PDD itself generally does not affect life expectancy. However, PDDs are correlated with poverty, suicides, crimes, and a variety of medical problems.

There is a division among doctors on the use of the term PDD.^[1] Many use the term PDD as a short way of saying PDDNOS.^[1] Others use the general category label of PDD because they are hesitant to diagnose very young children with a specific type of PDD, such as autism.^[1] Both approaches contribute to confusion about the term, because the term PDD actually refers to a category of disorders and is not a diagnostic label.^[1]

Contents 1 Symptoms 2 Types and degrees 3 Diagnosis in early childhood 4 Cure and care 5 See also 6 Reference 6.1 General 6.2 Specific 7 External links

[edit] Symptoms

Symptoms of PDD may include communication problems such as:

• Difficulty using and understanding language
• Difficulty relating to people, objects, and events
• Unusual play with toys and other objects
• Difficulty with changes in routine or familiar surroundings
• Repetitive body movements or behavior patterns

[edit] Types and degrees

Autism, a developmental brain disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication skills, and limited range of activities and interests, is the most characteristic and best studied PDD. Other types of PDD include Asperger's syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, Rett syndrome, and PDD not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS).

Children with PDD vary widely in abilities, intelligence, and behaviors. Some children do not speak at all, others speak in limited phrases or conversations, and some have relatively normal language development. Repetitive play skills and limited social skills are generally evident as well. Unusual responses to sensory information – loud noises, lights – are also common.

[edit] Diagnosis in early childhood

Some clinicians use PDD-NOS as a "temporary" diagnosis for children under the age of 5, when for whatever reason there is a reluctance to diagnose autism. There are several justifications for this: very young children have limited social interaction and communication skills to begin with, therefore it can be tricky to diagnose milder cases of autism in toddlerhood. The unspoken assumption is that by the age of 5, unusual behaviors will either resolve or develop into diagnosable autism. However, some parents view the PDD label as no more than a euphemism for autistic spectrum disorders, problematic because this label makes it more difficult to receive aid for early intervention.

[edit] Cure and care

There is no known cure for PDD. Medications are used to address certain behavioral problems; therapy for children with PDD should be specialized according to the child's specific needs.

Some children with PDD benefit from specialized classrooms in which the class size is small and instruction is given on a one-to-one basis. Others function well in standard special education classes or regular classes with support. Early intervention including appropriate and specialized educational programs and support services plays a critical role in improving the outcome of individuals with PDD.

[edit] See also

• Autism
• Autistic spectrum
• Asperger syndrome
• Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders
• Developmental disability
• Pathological Demand Avoidance
• Rett Syndrome
• Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
• Overactive Disorder Associated with Mental Retardation and Stereotyped Movements
• PDD not otherwise specified
• Specific developmental disorder
• Multiple-complex Developmental Disorder
• Multisystem Developmental Disorder

[edit] Reference

[edit] General

• The ADHD-Autism Connection: A Step toward more accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. By Diane M. Kennedy. ISBN 1-57856-498-0 – The aim of this book is to explore the similarities that attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) shares with pervasive developmental disorders.

[edit] Specific

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities (NICHCY) (October 2003) Disability Info: Pervasive Developmental Disorders (FS20). Fact Sheet 20 (FS20)

[edit] External links

• CDC's "Learn the Signs. Act Early.” campaign - Information for parents on early childhood development and developmental disabilities
• Fact sheets - Information on Pervasive Developmental Disorders, early interventions, behavioral issues and family concerns
• NINDS Pervasive Developmental Disorders Information Page
• Dr. Bernard Rimland: Plain talk about PDD and the Diagnosis of Autism
• Autism and Computing They argue that the central feature of Autism is attention-tunnelling, monotropism.
• NICHCY fact sheet on Pervasive Developmental Disorder (note: not in the public domain)
• Information about Pervasive Developmental Disorders Yale Developmental Disabilities Clinic
• Nettle, D. Schizotypy and mental health amongst poets, visual artists and mathematicians Comparison of cognitive skills in persons with schizotypal or autistic traits
• [1] Information about Sensory Integration Dysfunction, Pervasive developmental disorder and Asperger Syndrome in children, childhood bipolar disorder

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Note: An earlier version of this article included text from the public domain source "NINDS Pervasive Developmental Disorders Information Page" at [2]