Reginald Cardinal Pole
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Reginald Pole (1500 – November 17, 1558) was an English prelate, Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
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[edit] Biography
He was a son of Sir Richard Pole and Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury. His maternal grandparents were George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence and Isabella Neville, Duchess of Clarence.
The last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal Pole was born in at Stourton Castle, Staffordshire, England in March 1500.[1]
He was a member of Magdalen College, Oxford from about 1512 until about 1519. He was taught by William Latimer and Thomas Linacre, and admitted BA on 27 June 1515. In February 1518 Henry granted him the deanery of Wimborne Minster, Dorset.
In 1521, Pole went to Padua, where he met such leading Renaissance figures as Pietro Bembo, Gianmatteo Giberti (formerly pope Leo X's datary and chief minister), Jacopo Sadoleto, Gianpietro Carafa (the future Pope Paul IV), Rodolfo Pio, Otto Truchsess, Stanislaus Hosius, Cristoforo Madruzzo, Giovanni Morone, Pier Paolo Vergerio the younger, Pietro Martire Vermigli and Vettor Soranzo. The last three were eventually condemned as heretics by the Catholic Church, with Vermigli - as a well-known Protestant theologian - having a significant share in the Reformation at Pole's native England.
Styles of Reginald Cardinal Pole |
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Reference style | His Eminence |
Spoken style | Your Eminence |
Informal style | Cardinal |
See | Canterbury |
His studies were partly financed by his election as a fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, on 14 February 1523, which allowed him to study abroad for three years.
Pole returned home in July 1526, when he went to France, escorted by Thomas Lupset. Henry VIII offered him the archbishopric of York or the diocese of Winchester if he would support his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Pole withheld his support and went into self-imposed exile in France and Italy in 1532, continuing his studies in Padua and Paris.
In 1535, Pole was considered by Eustace Chapuys, the Imperial ambassador to England, as a possible husband for Princess Mary, later Mary I of England.
Pole was made cardinal under Pope Paul III in 1536 over Pole's own objections. In 1542 he was appointed as one of the three papal legates to preside over the Council of Trent, and after the death of Pope Paul III in 1549 Pole missed being elected pope by only one vote.
The death of Edward VI Tudor on 6 July 1553 and the accession of Mary I to the throne of England hastened Pole's return from exile, first as a papal legate; however Mary and Emperor Charles V deliberately delayed him until 20 November 1554, afraid that the arrival of a Papal legate in England might encourage popular opposition to Mary's forthcoming marriage to Charles' son, Philip II of Spain. Under Mary I's rule, Pole was finally ordained as a priest on 20 March 1557 and raised to Archbishop of Canterbury, an office he would hold until his death in London on 17 November 1558, a few hours after Queen Mary. As such, he shared in the responsibility for the persecution and mass burning of Protestants, which gave his Queen her lasting nickname of "Bloody Mary" and - contrary to his intention - contributed to making the Roman Catholic Church hated for many generations of protestants. He was buried on the north side of the Corona at Canterbury Cathedral.
[edit] Writings
He was the author of a book De Concilio and treatises on the authority of the Roman pontiff and the Anglican Reformation of England, and of many important letters, full of interest for the history of the time, edited by Quirini (five volumes, Brescia, 1744-57).
Pole is known for his strong condemnation of Machiavelli's book The Prince, which he read while in Italy, and on which he commented: "I found this type of book to be written by an enemy of the human race. It explains every means whereby religion, justice and any inclination toward virtue could be destroyed" [Dwyer, p. xxiii].
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Preceded by Thomas Cranmer |
Archbishop of Canterbury 1556–1558 |
Succeeded by Matthew Parker |
[edit] Bibliography
- T. Phillips, History of the Life of Reginald Pole (two volumes, Oxford, 1764), the earliest English.
- A. M. Stewart, Life of Cardinal Pole (London, 1882)
- F. G. Lee, Reginald Pole, Cardinal Archbishop of Canterbury: An Historical Sketch (London, 1888)
- Athanasius Zimmermann, Kardinal Pole: sein Leben und seine Schriften (Regensberg, 1893)
- James Gairdner, The English Church in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1903)
- Martin Haile, Life of Reginald Pole (New York, 1910)
- Cardinal Pole is a major character in the historical novel "The Loyal Servant" by Alison Macleod.
- This article incorporates text from an edition of the New International Encyclopedia that is in the public domain.
- Template:Catholic Encyclopaedia [1]
[edit] External links
- "The role of the Venetian Oligarchy" by Webster Tarpley (includes detailed discussion of Pole's activities in Italy)
- "Queen Mary" by Alfred Tennyson, "Enter Cardinal Pole"
- Henry Cole, Cardinal Pole's Vicar General, tries to restore Catholicism at Cambridge University
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Reformation to present
Matthew Parker · Edmund Grindal · John Whitgift · Richard Bancroft · George Abbot · William Laud · William Juxon · Gilbert Sheldon · William Sancroft · John Tillotson · Thomas Tenison · William Wake · John Potter · Thomas Herring · Matthew Hutton · Thomas Secker · Frederick Cornwallis · John Moore · Charles Manners-Sutton · William Howley · John Bird Sumner · Charles Thomas Longley · Archibald Campbell Tait · Edward White Benson · Frederick Temple · Randall Thomas Davidson · Cosmo Lang · William Temple · Geoffrey Fisher · Michael Ramsey · Donald Coggan · Robert Runcie · George Carey · Rowan Williams