Sinosphere
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Sinosphere, also known as Chinese character cultural sphere (Simplified Chinese: 汉字文化圈; Traditional Chinese: 漢字文化圏; pinyin: Hanzi wenhua quan; Korean: hanja munhwagweon; Japanese: kanji bunkaken; Vietnamese: Vòng văn hóa chữ Hán) is a grouping of countries and regions that are currently inhabited with a significant number of people of Chinese descent or historically under Chinese cultural influence. James C. Bennett, founder of The Anglosphere Institute, sees it as a network commonwealth between Chinese people around the world. [1] Bennett envisages the Sinosphere as consisting of Greater China, and to some extent, its overseas Chinese population in countries like Singapore. One of the main unifying links is based on the Written Chinese language.
In East Asian commentator circles, the term Chinese cultural sphere or Chinese character cultural sphere is used interchangeably for Sinosphere but covering a broader definition. Chinese cultural sphere denotes a grouping of countries, regions, and people with Chinese cultural legacies. This includes the Sinosphere under the Bennett definition plus countries that have extensive Chinese cultural heritage or are with significant Chinese populations in modern times, including Japan, Korea (North and South), Vietnam, Ryukyu (琉球, Liuqiu, now Okinawa) and Singapore. In French, the term le monde chinois (the Chinese world) is used for this concept.
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[edit] Modern Origins: 1990s
The concept of Sinosphere, as a network commonwealth, predated the popularization of the modern idea of Anglosphere (Simplified Chinese: 英语文化圈; Traditional Chinese: 英語文化圈; pinyin: Yingyu wenhua quan, “English language cultural sphere”) in the English-speaking world, and developed largely independent of the Anglosphere. In the early post-Cold War period of the 1990s, economic reforms in the People's Republic Of China, coupled with its recognition as a potent rival government of the Republic of China (Taiwan), increased economic and cultural exchanges between China and overseas Chinese itself, led to emergence of the concept of a network of Chinese people that transcend traditional national borders, political differences, and geographical distances.
Later on, this definition was broadened to include East Asian countries that had historical heritage influenced by China, countries such as Japan, North Korea, South Korea, and Vietnam have increased their economic and cultural contacts with the Chinese-speaking communities in both breadth and scope.
Sometimes in East Asia the term Sinosphere is used to imply the concept of East Asian integration.
[edit] Defining characteristics
Bennett considers the Sinosphere is unified by first language ability in Written Chinese. Asian commentators define the unifying factor as influence of traditional Chinese cultural beliefs, marked by Confucianism, Daoism, Mahayana Buddhism, and the use of Chinese characters as a major part of writing system (Hanzi in Chinese, kanji in Japanese, hanja in Korean, and Hán tự in Vietnamese).
[edit] Current Developments
The concept of Sinosphere seemed to undergo a setback with the Asian financial crisis and the advent of the dotcom economies in 1997 and 1998. However, with China's membership in the WTO and continuing economic development there are some repopularizations of the use of the term Sinosphere.
The development of the Anglosphere provides an interesting contrast. The idea of a network commonwealth is common to both Sinosphere and Anglosphere, but the two visions were developed independently from each other. As of the first decade of the 21st century, the concept of the Anglosphere remains at large invisible among Asian commentators supportive of the Sinosphere. Among the few who have heard the concept, the common response is either derision or fear. Those who regard the Anglosphere with scorn take the route that regionalist consolidations will triumph over cultural affinities that are separated by geographical distances, and the Sinosphere is more consolidated on a geographical sense than the more dispersed Anglosphere, and also because they regard China's economic might will overtake the Anglosphere in the not too distant future. Detractors who see the Anglosphere as a threat to the Sinosphere regard the Anglosphere as a concept of Anglo-Celtic imperialism and hegemony, and translate the term into Chinese as 盎格魯共榮圈 (literally “Anglo-Saxon Co-Prosperity Sphere”[2]) in an attempt to evoke the memory over the historical Japanese concept of a Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere (Chinese: 大東亞共榮圈) during the World War II. Some other commentators point out India is an Anglosphere member and that it has the potential to overtake China in economic developments. Some also see the Anglosphere's flexible nature and democratic society base as points of strengths that the Sinosphere lacks and which will guarantee its position as a serious competitor against the Sinosphere.
Currently Singapore, Hong Kong, and Japan are contested by both Anglosphere and Sinosphere proponents as under each respective sphere of influence[citation needed]. Singapore has a 77% Han Chinese majority but its governmental, legal and business practice are more akin to English-speaking countries courtesy of its British colonial past. Hong Kong's position is similar to Singapore but its population is at least 95% Chinese and in the SAR, Cantonese and Mandarin rather than English is commonly used as the daily communication medium. Japan has had ancient Chinese influence ever since the Taika Reform period, however, the Anglosphere has displaced China in influence from the time of Commodore Matthew Perry's visit in 1853. Post-WW2, Japanese political and military interests are more often aligned with the United States than with China.
[edit] See also
- Chinese Century
- Four Asian Tigers
- Korean Wave
- Eastasia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)
- Greater China
- History of China
- List of tributaries of Imperial China
- Sinocentrism
- Suzerainty
- Tributary state
- Anglosphere
- Indosphere
[edit] References
- Developments, Exchanges, and Conflicts Between Eastern and Western Civilizations, Professor Lin Binye, East China Normal University, delivered 20 February 2002 at North Point Teachers Centre, Hong Kong (primary source material for the History and Culture subject curriculum developments, Education and Manpower Bureau, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government; Chinese)
- [3] Chinese Cultural Sphere and the Use of Chinese Characters, Zhe Shiya, Lianhe Zaobao, 24 June 2004, Singapore (in Chinese)
- [4] Export of Chinese Culture and Balance of Power in the World, Shinfeng, People's Daily, 28 March 2006, Beijing (in Chinese)
[edit] Further reading
- Language variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honor of James A. Matisoff, David Bradley, Randy J. LaPolla and Boyd Michailovsky eds., pp. 113–144. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. [5]
