Sports car racing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sports car racing is a form of circuit auto racing with automobiles that have two seats and enclosed wheel wells. They may be purpose-built or related to road-going sports cars.
A kind of hybrid between the purism of open-wheelers and the familiarity of touring car racing, this racing is often associated with the annual Le Mans 24 Hours endurance race. First run in 1923, it is one of the oldest motor races still in existence. Other classic but now defunct sports car races include the Targa Florio and Mille Miglia. Most top class sports car races emphasise endurance (races are typically anywhere from 2.5 to 24 hours in length), reliability and strategy over pure speed. Longer races usually involve complex pit strategy and regular driver changes - sports car racing is seen more as a team sport than a gladiatorial individual sport and team managers like John Wyer, Tom Walkinshaw, driver-turned-constructor Henri Pescarolo, Peter Sauber and Reinhold Joest have become almost as famous as many of their drivers.
The prestige of Ferrari, Porsche, Lotus, Maserati, Alfa Romeo, Mercedes-Benz, Jaguar, and Aston Martin derives in part from success in sports car racing and the World Sportscar Championship. Road cars sold by these manufacturers have in many cases been very similar to the cars that were raced, both in engineering and styling. It is this close association with the 'exotic' nature of the cars that serves as a useful distinction between sports car racing and Touring Cars.
The 12 Hours of Sebring, 24 Hours of Daytona, and 24 Hours of Le Mans were once widely considered to be the trifecta of sports car racing; driver Ken Miles would have been the only driver to win all three in the same year, but an error in the team orders of the Ford GT40 team at Le Mans in 1966 took the win from him, although he finished first.
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[edit] History
In the 1920s, the cars used in endurance racing and Grand Prix were still basically identical, with fenders and two seats, to carry a mechanic if necessary or permitted. By the 1930s, most Grand Prix cars like the Silver Arrows were optimised for high performance in their relative short races, by dropping fenders and the second seat.
In open-road endurance races across Europe such as the Mille Miglia, Tour de France and Targa Florio, which were often run on dusty roads, the need for fenders and a mechanic or navigator was still there. As mainly Italian cars and races defined the genre, the category was called Gran Turismo, as long distances had to be travelled, rather than running around on short circuits only. Reliability and some basic comfort was necessary in order to endure the task.
In the 1950s, sports car racing was regarded as almost as important as Grand Prix competition, with major marques like Ferrari, Maserati, Jaguar and Aston Martin investing much effort in their works programmes and supplying cars to customers; sports racers lost their close relationship to road-going sports cars in the 1950s and the major races were contested by dedicated competition cars such as the Jaguar C and D types, the Mercedes 300SLR, Maserati 300S, Aston Martin DBR1 and assorted Ferraris including the first Testa Rossas. Top Grand Prix drivers also competed regularly in sports car racing. After the accidents at the 1955 24 Hours of Le Mans and the 1957 Mille Miglia the power of the sports prototypes started to be curbed and into the early sixties GT racing became more important internationally.
In national rather than international racing, sports car competition in the 1950s and early 1960s tended to reflect what was locally popular - in Britain 1100cc sports racers became a very popular category (effectively supplanting 500cc F3), with Lola, Lotus, Cooper and others being very popular, although at the other end of the scale in the early to mid 1960s the national sports racing scene also attracted a crop of large-engined "big bangers" the technology of which largely gave rise to Can-Am; Italy found itself with both grassroots racing with a plethora of Fiat based specials (often termed "etceterinis") and small Alfa Romeos, and exotica such as Maserati and Ferrari. The US scene tended to feature small MG and Porsche cars in the smaller classes, and imported Jaguar, Allard and Ferrari cars in the larger classes. As the French car industry switched from making large powerful cars to small utilitarian ones, French sports cars of the 1950s and early 1960s tended to be small-capacity and highly aerodynamic (often based on Panhard or Renault components), aimed at winning the "Index of Performance" at Le Mans and Reims and triumphing in handicap races.
A breed of powerful hybrids appeared in the 50s and 60s and raced on both sides of the Atlantic, featuring European chassis and large American engines - from the early Lotus 19 and Allard cars through to the AC Cobra.
Powerful prototypes (effectively pure-bred two-seater racing cars with no real link to production vehicles) started to appear as the 1960s progressed, with world-wide battles between Ferrari, Ford, Porsche, Lotus, Alfa Romeo and Matra as well as other more specialist marques running on into the early 1970s. The competition at Le Mans even made it to the movie screens, with Steve McQueen's film Le Mans. This era was seen by many as the highpoint of sports car racing, with the technology and performance of the cars comfortably in excess of what was seen in Formula 1.
These prototypes of the late 1960s/early 1970s were comfortably quicker than contemporary Grand Prix machinery and for 1972 they were constrained to run much smaller engines to F1 rules, often detuned for endurance. Group 4 GTs and Group 5 "silhouette" GTs again became the premier form of sports car racing, with prototypes going into a general decline apart from Porsche 936 domination at Le Mans and a lower-key series of races for Group 6 prototypes.
A peculiarly American form of sports car racing was the Can-Am series, in which virtually unlimited sports prototypes competed in relatively short races. This ran from the mid-sixties to 1979 in its original form, but fell victim to rising costs and the energy crisis.
The ACO, organisers of the Le Mans 24 Hours, attempted to come up with a formula that would encourage more prototypes back to the race but would also be relatively economical - their Grand Touring Prototype rules in the late 1970s, based on fuel consumption rules, gave rise to two different varieties of sports car racing that were widely held to be a high point in the history of the sport.
In Europe, the FIA adopted the ACO GTP rules virtually unchanged and sanctioned the Group C World Endurance Championship (or World Sportscar Championship), featuring high-tech closed-cockpit prototypes from Porsche, Aston Martin, Mercedes-Benz, Nissan, Jaguar and others. In the USA, the IMSA Camel GTP series boasted close competition between huge fields of manufacturer-backed teams and privateer squads - the cars were technically similar to Group Cs but used a sliding scale of weights and engine capacities to try to limit performance. Both Group C and GTP had secondary categories, respectively Group C2 and Camel Lights, for less powerful cars.
The FIA attempted to make Group C into a virtual "two seater Grand Prix" format in the early 1990s, with engine rules in common with F1, short race distances, and a schedule dovetailing with that of the F1 rounds. This drove up costs and drove away crowds, and by 1993 prototype racing was dead in Europe, with the Peugeot, Jaguar, Toyota and Mercedes-Benz teams all having withdrawn; a number of GT series sprung up at national and European level, with the BPR series eventually evolving into the FIA GT Championship. IMSA GTP continued for a few more years but was replaced by a series for World Sports Cars - relatively simple open-top prototypes - which gave rise to cars such as the Ferrari 333SP and the Riley & Scott Mk 3, supported by GTs. As the 1990s progressed, these prototypes and others like them started to be raced in Europe and an FIA Sports Car series evolved for them.
The US series evolved into the American Le Mans Series; the European races into the Le Mans Series, both of which mix prototypes and GTs; the FIA remains more interested in its own GT and GT3 championships, with the ACO's rules the basis for the LMS and ALMS. Further splits in the American scene saw the Grand-Am series becoming a separate series with its own GT and prototype rules.
Since the demise of Group C (where Japan and Germany both had successful series of their own) Japan has largely gone its own way in sports car racing; the Super GT series is for very highly modified production-based cars, though prototypes are slowly returning to Japanese racing.
[edit] Types of cars
There are many kinds of sports cars that race but they can be broadly broken down into two main categories: Sports-prototype and Grand Touring (GT). These two categories are often mixed together in a single race, such as the 24 Hours of Le Mans.
Sports-Prototype is the name given to a type of car used in sports car racing and is effectively the next automotive design step up from road-going supercars. The highest level in sports car racing sports-prototypes are purpose-built racing cars with enclosed wheels, and either open or closed cockpits. Since the World Sportscar Championship was conceived there have been various regulations regarding bodywork, engine style and size, tyres and aerodynamics to which these cars must be built. Sports-prototypes may be (and often are) one-of-a-kind machines, and need bear no relation to any road-going vehicle, although during the 1990s some manufacturers exploited a loophole in the FIA and ACO rules which meant cars racing in the GT category were actually true sports-prototypes and sired some road-going versions for homologation purposes. The Dauer-Porsche 962LM, Porsche 911 GT1-98, Mercedes CLK-GTR and Toyota GT-One were prime examples.
In simplistic terms, sports-prototypes are 2-seat racing cars with bodywork covering their wheels, and are as technically advanced and, depending on the regulations they are built to, as quick as or quicker than their single-seat counterparts. Although not widely known sports-prototypes (along with Formula 1 cars) are responsible for introducing the most numbers of new technologies and ideas to motorsport, including rear-wings, ground effect 'venturi' tunnels, fan-assisted aerodynamics and dual-shift gearboxes. Some of these technologies eventually filter down to road cars.
In the ACO regulations, two categories of sports-prototypes are recognized: P1 and P2. Cars competing in the P1 category must weigh no less than 900kg and are limited to 6000cc naturally aspirated and 4000cc turbocharged engines. 5500cc turbo-Diesel engines are also permitted in P1 - Audi scored a Le Mans victory with such a car in 2006 and Peugeot are returning to racing in 2007 with a car with a similar powerplant. P2 cars can weigh much less — 750kg — but are restricted to 3400cc normally-aspirated or 2000cc turbocharged powerplants. On paper, the P2 cars are able to challenge the supposedly faster P1 cars due to their lighter weight, at the expense of less power. However, as of recent years the P2 cars entered have raced with debilitating reliability problems and in 2005 actually finished behind the slower GT1 class at Le Mans; the first P2 to look like a serious challenge to the P1 class is the new Porsche RS Spyder.
Daytona Prototypes are a product of the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series, and offer a different interpretation of the prototype theme. DPs, as they are often called, are closed-cockpit, purpose-built racing machines which are less expensive and (deliberately) somewhat slower than Le Mans Prototypes. Compared to the LMPs, DPs are sharply limited in terms of approved technology; for instance, they are required to be constructed of steel tube frames with carbon-fiber skins, rather than being carbon-fiber monocoques, and must use production-based engines.
Grand Touring (from the Italian word Gran Turismo) racing is the most common form of sports car racing, and is found all over the world, in both international and national series. Under the ACO rules, Grand Touring cars are divided into two categories, Grand Touring 1 (GT1, formerly GTS) and Grand Touring 2 (GT2, formerly GT). While GT cars are effectively based on road going versions, some GT1 cars in the mid to late 1990s were purpose-built sports-prototypes (Toyota GT-One, Porsche 911 GT1-98, Mercedes CLK-GTR) which spawned exotic production cars with homologation production limits of 25 cars (for small manufacturers, such as Saleen) or 100 cars (for major manufacturers like DaimlerChrysler). As the name of the class implies, the exterior of the car closely resembles that of the production version, while the internal fittings may differ greatly. GT2 cars are very similar to the FIA GT2 classification, and are 'pure' GT cars; that is production exotic cars with relatively few internal modifications for racing. The Porsche 911 is currently the most popular car in the GT2 class.
FIA divides GT cars into three categories, called GT1 (formerly GT), GT2 (formerly N-GT) and GT3 (recently introduced). These divisions are very close to the ACO rules outlined above, and again some crossover racing does occur, particularly in the GT2 class. The GT3 class is new and was introduced for 2006. These cars are closer to standard form than in GT2, and in most cases modifications are restricted to those found in one-make cups. In 1998, FIA dropped the original form of the GT1 category because of rising costs. The GT1 class was for the purebred supercars and purpose-built race cars, such as the McLaren F1 GTR. Rising costs coupled with declining entries led to the death of this class, and it was replaced by GT2 (FIA, which evolved into the current GT1) and Le Mans Prototype (LMP, by the ACO).
Grand-Am has only one class for Grand Touring cars, somewhere between ACO/FIA GT2 and FIA GT3, with less-powerful Porsche 911 GT3 Cup cars allowed, as well as purpose-built tube-frame "silhouette" machines reminiscent of the former IMSA GTO/GTU classes.
[edit] Other Divisions
There are currently three series of sports car races based on the rules in use at Le Mans, the American Le Mans Series in North America, the Le Mans Endurance Series in Europe and the Japan Le Mans Challenge in Japan. However, sports car racing in general extends far beyond these rules, encompassing the Grand-Am professional series in North America as well as amateur road racing classes in the Sports Car Club of America.
Amateur sports car racing throughout the United States is sanctioned by clubs such as the Sports Car Club of America. The SCCA's sports-racing classes include C and D Sports Racing, Sports 2000 and Spec Racer Ford, in descending order of speed and sophistication.
In Japan, the Super GT series divides cars into two classes, called GT500 and GT300. These cars are more highly modified than their European and American counterparts, with cars often sporting tube frames and highly divergent engines. The numbers in the classifications refer to the maximum power available to each class; this is achieved through the use of engine restrictors. Proponents of the series claim that the Super GT cars are the fastest sports cars in the world, while critics deride the cars as being outside the limits of 'acceptable' modifications. In recent years however, rule changes in both GT500 and GT1 (aimed at eventually allowing both classes to compete with each other in the future) have brought the cars closer to each other, although GT500 cars still have a notable advantage in aerodynamics (enough to compensate for GT1 cars greater horsepower).
In Europe, most national championships (British, French, and the Spanish-based 'International GT Open' series) run under basically FIA/ACO GT regulations with some modifications to ensure closer racing, although some championships are more open to allow non-homologated GT cars to race. The Belcar series in Belgium allows silhouettes and touring cars to race alongside GTs, while the VdeV Modern Endurance allows small prototypes from national championships such as the Norma, Centenari and Radical to race alongside GT3 class cars. Britcar permits a wide range of touring and GT cars to compete in endurance races, and Britsports permits various kinds of sports racer.
[edit] Notable sports car racing series
- World Sportscar Championship - The former World Championship, which dissolved in 1993.
- American Le Mans Series - Run in the United States and Canada.
- Le Mans Series - Sister series to the ALMS, run in Europe (formerly the LMES).
- Japan Le Mans Challenge - Established in 2006, run in Japan.
- FIA GT Championship - A GT racing series in Europe.
- FIA Sportscar Championship - FIA's now-defunct prototype racing series.
- Grand-Am - Daytona Prototype and GT racing series
- Super GT - Japan based Sports Car racing championship (formerly the JGTC).
- CanAm - Canadian-American Challenge Cup (ran from 1966 to 1974)
- Interserie - German based series, originally similar to Can-Am
- All Japan Sports Prototype Championship - Japanese series for Gr. C cars, replaced by JGTC in 1993.
- Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft - German series which originally pitted touring cars against GT racers, Gr 6 and then Gr. C was later added.
- Supercup - A Group C only national series in Germany, replaced DRM and ran until 1989.
- Fuji Grand Champion Series - a Japanese series originally for Gr.6 cars, was originally held only in Fuji
- Thundersports - a British series of the 1980s in which pretty much any kind of sports racer or GT was eligible.
- Clubmans - a long-lived British formula which featured sophisticated, quick but economical front-engined/rear wheel drive sports racers well into the 1990s.
[edit] Bibliography
- Denis Jenkinson, "Automobile Year Book Of Sports Car Racing" (photographic history of sports car racing from the early 1950s to the 1970s)
- Janos Wimpffen, "Time and Two Seats" - 2 vols. Extensive history of World Championship sports car racing from 1952 to the late 1990s.
- Janos Wimpffen, "Open Roads And Front Engines" - a photographic companion to the above, covering the early 50s-early 60s.
- Janos Wimpffen, "Winged Sports Cars and Enduring Innovation" - a sequel to the above covering the early 60s-early 70s.
- John Wyer, "The Certain Sound" - memoirs of Aston Martin and Ford GT40 team manager
- Chris Nixon, "Racing With The David Brown Aston Martins", 2 vols.
- Anthony Pritchard, "Sports Racing Cars" - profiles of 25 sports racers through history.
- Brooklands Books, "Le Mans" - 5 volumes of contemporary race reports
- Ian Briggs, "Endurance Racing 1982-1991" - the Group C and IMSA GTP years, race by race.
- Michael Cotton, "Directory of World Sports Cars" - IMSA and GpC car histories outlined in detail.
- Andrew Whyte, "Jaguar: Sports Racing and Works Competition Cars" - 2 vols. Authoritative history of the marque.
- Ian Bamsey, ed. "Super Sports: The 220mph Le Mans Cars" - technical summary of large-capacity coup&ecute;s.
- Chris Nixon - "Sports Car Heaven" - Aston Martin vs Ferrari
- Karl Ludvigsen - "Quicksilver Century" - competition history of Mercedes-Benz
- Karl Ludvigsen - "Porsche: Excellence Was Expected" (3 vols) - extensive history of Porsche
- Vic Elford, "Reflections on a Golden Era of Motorsport" - covers Vic's rallying, single seater and mostly sports car career in depth.
- Norbert Singer, "24:16" - his role in Porsche's Le Mans wins
- John Horsman, "Racing In The Rain", an account of his engineering career with Aston Martin, John Wyer and Mirage.
- Curami/Vergnano, "'La Sport' e i suoi artigiani" - Italian domestic sports car competition from the 1930s-1960s and the 'specials' that competed in it.
