Temperate coniferous forests
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Temperate coniferous forests are a terrestrial biome found in temperate regions of the world with warm summers and cool winters and adequate rainfall to sustain a forest. In most temperate coniferous forests, evergreen conifers predominate, while some are a mix of conifers and broadleaf evergreen trees and/or broadleaf deciduous trees. Temperate evergreen forests are common in the coastal areas of regions that have mild winters and heavy rainfall, or inland in drier climates or mountain areas. Many species of trees inhabit these forests including cedar, cypress, douglas-fir, fir, juniper, kauri, pine, podocarpus, spruce, redwood and yew. The understory also contains a wide variety of herbaceous and shrub species.
Structurally, these forests are rather simple, generally consisting of two layers: an overstory and understory. Some forests may support an intermediate layer of shrubs. Pine forests support an herbaceous understory that is generally dominated by grasses and herbaceous perennials, and are often subject to ecologically important wildfires.
Temperate rain forests occur only in seven regions around the world: the Pacific temperate rain forests of the Pacific Northwest, the Valdivian temperate rain forests of southwestern South America, the rain forests of New Zealand and Tasmania, northwest Europe (small pockets in Ireland, Scotland, Iceland and a somewhat larger area in Norway), southern Japan, and the eastern Black Sea-Caspian Sea region of Turkey and Georgia to northern Iran. The moist conditions of temperate rain forests generally support an understory of mosses, ecosystem and are notable for trees of massive proportions, including Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron gigantea), Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis), Alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides) and Kauri (Agathis australis). These forests are quite rare, occurring in small areas of Western North America, southwestern South America and northern New Zealand. The Klamath-Siskiyou forests of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon is known for its rich variety of plant and animal species, including many endemic species.
Coniferous forests are currently the largest terrestrial biome on earth, although they will be surpassed by desert in the near future. This is due to extensive logging and desertification.
[edit] Temperate coniferous forest ecoregions
| Australasia Temperate coniferous forests edit | |
|---|---|
| Australasian mixed temperate rain forests | New Zealand, southeast Australia |
| Indomalaya Temperate coniferous forests edit | |
|---|---|
| Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests | Bhutan, India, Nepal |
| Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests | India, Nepal, Pakistan |
| Palearctic Temperate coniferous forests edit | |
|---|---|
| Alps conifer and mixed forests | Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland |
| Altai montane forest and forest steppe | China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia |
| Balkan montane conifer forests | Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro |
| Caledonian conifer forests | United Kingdom |
| Carpathian montane conifer forests | Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine |
| Da Hinggan-Dzhagdy Mountains conifer forests | China, Russia |
| East Afghan montane conifer forests | Afghanistan, Pakistan |
| Elburz Range forest steppe | Iran |
| Helanshan montane conifer forests | China |
| Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests | China |
| Hokkaido montane conifer forests | Japan |
| Honshu alpine conifer forests | Japan |
| Khangai Mountains conifer forests | Mongolia, Russia |
| Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests | Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia |
| Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests | China, India, Bhutan |
| Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests | Armenia, Georgia, Turkey |
| Nujiang Langcang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests | China |
| Qilian Mountains conifer forests | China |
| Qionglai-Minshan conifer forests | China |
| Sayan montane conifer forests | Mongolia, Russia |
| Scandinavian coastal conifer forests | Norway |
| Tian Shan montane conifer forests | China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan |
| Ecozones |
| Afrotropic · Antarctic · Australasia · Indomalaya · Nearctic · Neotropic · Oceania · Palearctic |
