Wushu
Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia
Wushu (武術) là một môn võ nổi tiếng của Trung Quốc.
Mục lục |
[sửa] Các kỹ thuật của Wushu
Các kỹ thuật của Wushu về căn bản gồm có Thoái công, Yêu công, Kiên công và Trang công.
[sửa] Thoái công
Là kỹ thuật luyện chân gồm có:
- Áp thoái (đè, ép chân)
- Chánh áp (ép thẳng)
- Tắc ép (ép ngang)
- Hậu áp (ép sau)
- Phốc bộ áp (ép chân sát đất)
- Ban thoái (mang, vác chân)
- Chánh ban (vác chân phía trước)
- Tắc ban (vác chân ngang)
- Hậu ban (vác chân phía sau)
- Phách thoái (xoạc chân)
- Thụ xoa (xoạc chân)
- Hoành xoa (xoạc chân ngang)
- Dịch thoái (hất chân)
- Chánh dịch thoái (hất chân về phía trước)
- Tắc dịch thoái (hất chân ngang)
- Lý hợp thoái (vung chân vào trong)
- Ngoại bãi thoái (vung chân ra ngoài)
- Hậu bãi thoái (hất chân ra sau)
- Khống thoái (khống chế, ghìm chân)
- Tiền khống (ghìm chân về phía trước)
- Tắc khống (ghìm chân ngang)
- Hậu khống (ghìm chân phía sau)
[sửa] Yêu công
Là kỹ thuật luyện hông gồm có:
- Tiền phủ yêu (cúi hông xuống phía trước)
- Ninh yêu (xoắn vặn hông)
- Loát yêu (xoay hông)
- Hạ yêu (đưa hông xuống)
- Phiên yêu (lật hông)
[sửa] Kiên công
Là kỹ thuật rèn luyện tay vai gồm có:
- Áp kiên (đè, ép vai)
- Chuyển kiên (xoay vai)
- Nhiễu hoàn (cuốn vòng)
- Luân kiên (vung vai)
- Phủ xanh (cúi người, chống vai)
[sửa] Trang công
Là hình thức luyện nội công trong wushu, một số thức chính gồm:
- Mã bộ trang
- Cung bộ trang
- Hỗn nguyên trang
- Thăng giáng trang
- Khai hợp trang
[sửa] Lịch sử Wushu
[sửa] Background of wushu
Contemporary wushu as we know it was created by the Chinese government in the 1950’s. However, Chinese wushu has a lengthy past. Dating back to the Shang Dynasty, where wushu had achieved structure and was taught formally, wushu began to take it’s place in Chinese culture. Then in the Zhou Dynasty, including the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, the martial applications were emphasized, and formal testing introduced through the military.
Qin and Han Dynasties constant warfare lead to the innovation of wushu as weapons and techniques needed to be refined and applied to real world fighting. A combination of the new more unified China and the cultural attachment to wushu allowed more emphasis on the physical fitness aspects, which lead in turn to the development of more entertaining wushu. This period contributed the idea of a modern taolu as it introduced our modern forms and routines with much of the weapon play that we now associate with wushu.
As military technology progressed wushu changed. In the Song Dynasty where gunpowder began to take its place in the military, wushu became splintered. The armies of the day demanded practical application to battle and dismissed anything that did not contribute to winning a fight. But the culture did not allow it to be dismissed so easily, and answered by preserving their version of exercise and performance through the establishments of different wushu societies. This allowed wushu to become a common practice in the streets of China, and allowed internal arts--such as Taiji, Bagua and Xingyi--to emerge.
Guns became more popular and the need to for edged weapons, as well as hand to hand combat, was drastically reduced. The Qing Dynasty issued an edict to remove wushu from their army in 1901. It was at this time that the birthplace of modern wushu the Jing Wu Physical Exercise Society was founded by Huo Yuanjia.
In 1911, Dr Sun Yat-sen launched a revolution and overthrew the corrupt Qing Dynasty, and began promoting wushu as a method of exercise. By 1928 the Guoshu Research Institute was established in Nanjing. The government the decided that all government agencies should establish their own wushu institutes allowing tournaments both local and national tournaments to take place.
The Chinese Wushu Team organized a trip to the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Germany. The team preformed a demonstration in the XI Olympiad, bringing the rest of the world one of their first tastes of Chinese wushu.
[sửa] Founding of Contemporary Wushu
In 1949 the People’s Republic of China was founded and wushu became established as a widely accepted form of exercise as well as a national heritage art. Under the new government the focus of wushu was directed towards health and exercise and away from fighting application. Based on many traditional styles committees of masters, such as Zhang Wenguang, Wang Ziping, Sha Guozeng and Chai Longyun, developed what is practiced today as contemporary Chinese wushu.
[sửa] Modern Timeline
- 1953 The Nationwide Traditional Sports Demonstration and Competition was heald in Tanjin, featuring wushu.
- 1956 The Chinese Wushu Association was founded in Beijing and wushu became and official competition event.
- 1958 The Stat Physical Culture and Sports Commission drafted the first version of wushu Competition Rules.
- 1974 China sent the Chinese Wushu Team to the US, they preformed at the White House for President Nixon.
- 1982 National Wushu Conference was held in Beijing.
- 1985 The first International World Invitational Tournament was held in Xian.
- 1985 The second International World Invitational Tournament was held in Tainjin.
- 1987 The first Asian Wushu Championships were held in Yokohama, Japan.
- 1987 Wushu Federation of Asia was founded.
- 1989 The second Asian Wushu Championships were held in Hong Kong.
- 1990 Wushu was introduced as an official competition even at the XI Asian Games in Beijing.
- 1990 The International Wushu Federation (IWuF) was established.
- 1991 World Wushu Championships were held in China.
- 1993 World Wushu Championships were held in Malaysia.
- 1995 World Wushu Championships were held in Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
- 1997 Rules for International Taolu Competition were endorsed by the IWuF.
- 1997 World Wushu Championships were held in Italy.
- 1999 the IOC officially recognizes the IWuF.
- 1999 World Wushu Championships were held in Hong Kong.
- 1999 The IWuF was provisionally recognized by the IOC.
- 2001 World Wushu Championships were held in Armenia.
- 2004 New international rules do away with compulsory forms and add Nandu to international competition.
- 2004 1st World Traditional Wushu Festival is held in Zhengzhou, China.
[sửa] Other Reading
[sửa] Việt Nam
Wushu đến Việt Nam vào năm 1990, do ông Hoàng Vĩnh Giang lấy tài liệu từ Nga gồm 7 bài mang về phổ biến trong nước.
- Nguyễn Thúy Hiền
- Nguyễn Thị Mỹ Đức
- Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Oanh
- Nguyễn Tiến Đạt
- Đàm Thanh Xuân
