War crime
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In the context of war, a war crime is a punishable offense under International Law, for violations of the laws of war by any person or persons, military or civilian. Every violation of the law of war in an inter-state conflict is a war crime, while violations in internal conflicts are typically limited to the local jurisdiction. In essence, the term "war crime" represents the concept of an international jurisdiction as applicable to the most severe crimes, in areas where government is dysfunctional and society is in a state of turmoil.
The article "list of war crimes" summarizes war crimes committed since the Hague Conventions of 1907. In addition, those incidents which have been judged in a court of law to be Crimes Against Peace and Crimes against Humanity that have been committed since these crimes were first defined (in the London Charter, August 8, 1945) are also included.
The article "list of war criminals" is a list of war criminals as according to the conduct and rules of warfare as defined by the Nuremberg Trials following World War II as well as earlier agreements such as Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907, the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928, and the Geneva Conventions of 1929 and 1949.
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[edit] Crimes
War crimes include violations of established protections of the laws of war, but also include failures to adhere to norms of procedure and rules of battle, such as attacking those displaying a flag of truce, or using that same flag as a ruse of war to mount an attack.
Attacking enemy troops while they are being deployed by way of a parachute is not a war crime. However, Protocol I, Article 42 of the Geneva Conventions explicitly forbids attacking parachutists who eject from damaged airplanes, and surrendering parachutists once landed. [1]
War crimes include such acts as mistreatment of prisoners of war or civilians. War crimes are sometimes part of instances of mass murder and genocide though these crimes are more broadly covered under international humanitarian law described as crimes against humanity.
War crimes are significant in international humanitarian law because it is an area where international tribunals such as the Nuremberg Trials have been convened. Recent examples are the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, which were established by the UN Security Council acting under Chapter VII of the UN Charter.
Under the Nuremberg Principles, the supreme international crime is that of commencing a war of aggression, because it is the crime from which all war crimes follow. The definition of such a crime is planning, preparing, initiating, or waging a war of aggression, or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements, or assurances. Also, participating in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any such act constitutes such a crime.
[edit] International Criminal Court
On July 1, 2002, the International Criminal Court, a treaty-based court located in The Hague, came into being for the prosecution of war crimes committed on or after that date. However, several nations, most notably the United States, China, and Israel, have criticized the court, refused to participate in it or permit the court to have jurisdiction over their citizens. Note, however, that a citizen of one of the 'objector nations' could still find himself before the Court if he were accused of committing war crimes in a country that was a state party, regardless of the fact that their country of origin was not a signatory.
[edit] Definition
War crimes are defined in the statute that established the International Criminal Court, which includes:
- Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, such as:
- Willful killing, or causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health
- Torture or inhumane treatment
- Unlawful wanton destruction or appropriation of property
- Forcing a prisoner of war to serve in the forces of a hostile power
- Depriving a prisoner of war of a fair trial
- Unlawful deportation, confinement or transfer
- Taking hostages
- The following acts as part of an international conflict:
- Directing attacks against civilians
- Directing attacks against humanitarian workers or UN peacekeepers
- Killing a surrendered combatant
- Misusing a flag of truce
- Settlement of occupied territory
- Deportation of inhabitants of occupied territory
- Using poison weapons
- Using civilian shields
- Using child soldiers
- The following acts as part of a non-international conflict:
- Murder, cruel or degrading treatment and torture
- Directing attacks against civilians, humanitarian workers or UN peacekeepers
- Taking hostages
- Summary execution
- Pillage
- Rape, sexual slavery, forced prostitution or forced pregnancy
However the court only has jurisdiction over these crimes where they are "part of a plan or policy or as part of a large-scale commission of such crimes" [2]
[edit] Prominent indictees
To date, the former heads of state and heads of government that have been charged with war crimes include Karl Dönitz of Germany and Prime Minister Hideki Tojo of Japan. Former Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević was brought to trial for war crimes, but died in custody before the trial could be concluded in March 11, 2006. Former Liberian President Charles G. Taylor was also brought to the Hague for charging war crimes and his trial is provisionally schedule to begin on April 2, 2007.
[edit] Ambiguity
The Geneva Conventions are a treaty that represent a legal basis for International Law with regard to conduct of warfare. Not all nations are signatories to the GC, and as such retain different codes and values with regard to wartime conduct. Some signatories have routinely violated the Geneva Conventions in a way which either uses the ambiguities of law or political maneuvering to sidestep the laws formalities and principles.
Because the definition of a state of "war" may be debated, the term "war crime" itself has seen different usage under different systems of international and military law. It has some degree of application outside of what some may consider to be a state of "war," but in areas where conflicts persist enough to constitute social instability.
In determining the legality of acts committed during war, favoritism toward states that were winners in wars has sometimes been alleged, and it is sometimes stated: "History is winners' history", since certain actions perpetrated by states that were the "winners" have not been ruled as war crimes. Some examples include the Allied destruction of civilian targets through the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and mass firebombing attacks on Axis cities such as Tokyo, Kobe, and Dresden in World War II[citation needed]. Others cite the Indonesian occupation of East Timor between 1976 and 1999.
In areas where International Law is yet unresolved, some ambiguity remains with regard to which crimes are considered as such and which are not.
[edit] See also
- List of war crimes
- Laws of war
- Command responsibility
- German war crimes
- Ottoman war crimes
- Crimes against humanity
- Japanese war crimes
- Allied war crimes
- Red Army atrocities
- War Crimes Law (Belgium)
- 1902 Lodge Committee investigating Philippine-American war crimes
- Russell Vietnam War Crimes Tribunal - 1967
- The International Criminal Court and the 2003 invasion of Iraq
- Special Court for Sierra Leone
- Human shield
- Cases before the International Criminal Court
- Transitional Justice
- Second Italo-Abyssinian War#Aftermath
[edit] Further reading
- Neier, Aryeh, War Crimes: Brutality, Genocide, Terror and the Search for Justice. New York: Times Books & Random House, 1998.
- Documents and Resources on War, War Crimes and Genocide
- Iraqi Special Tribunal
- Crimes of War Project
- Rome Treaty of the International Criminal Court
- Special Court for Sierra Leone
- UN International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
- Weblog about the hunt for indicted warcriminals in the Former Yugoslavia
- UN International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
- Ad-Hoc Court for East Timor
- CBC Digital Archives -Fleeing Justice: War Criminals in Canada
- USArmy Crimes in Iraq
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflict, International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, Switzerland. (Protocol I)
- ^ Rome Statute, Part I, Article 8.
